62,401 research outputs found
Outsourcing and Skill Imports: Foreign High-Skilled Workers on H-1B and L-1 Visas in the United States
No full textThis working paper looks in detail at the H-1B and L-1 visa programs for temporary employment in the United States. Based on official data from the US Citizenship and Immigration Services and the US Department of State, H-1B and L-1 visa issuance rapidly increased in the late 1990s, followed by a marked slowdown after 2001. This points to the highly cyclical nature of both visa programs. Indian nationals and immigrants working in computer-related occupations dominate the H1-B and L-1 population in the United States, but these two groups are also found to be the most cyclical segment, with very large declines in inflows after 2001. The total population of H-1B visaholders in 2003 is estimated to range between 387,000 and 746,000, of which 160,000 to 306,000 were Indian nationals. As all data on H-1B/L-1 visaholders are gross numbers and gross jobs data for comparable categories are absent, the extent of the impact of these visa programs on the US labor market cannot be gauged precisely. A broad range of US industries and educational institutions are found to be employing H-1B recipients, with the IT industry being the dominant sector. Evidence of aggressive wage-cost cutting, including paying H-1B recipients only the legally mandated 95 percent of the prevailing US wage, is found among some H-1B employers, although no systematic abuse of the system is present.Outsourcing, offshoring, high-skilled labor, immigration, H1B/L-1 visas
Nivelen luu-rustorajapinnan mikrometritason kudosmuutoksien tutkiminen nivelrikon eri vaiheissa
No full textAbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that causes disability in the adult population. While the etiology and pathogenesis of OA remain unclear, it is now commonly accepted that the entire joint is affected by OA. The deep zone of hyaline articular cartilage, calcified cartilage, and cortical subchondral bone plate form the osteochondral junction that is specially adapted to transferring loads during weight-bearing and joint motion. Although the OA-related changes in articular cartilage and subchondral trabecular bone have been extensively studied, the changes in the osteochondral junction, especially in the calcified cartilage, remain under explored.Calcified cartilage is a relatively thin tissue layer and has a similar mineral phase to the underlying bone. Hence, it is a major challenge to quantitively study calcified cartilage separately from the whole osteochondral junction, due to the limitations in spatial resolution and the contrast of current microscopic imaging modalities. Therefore, this doctoral dissertation aims to study the biochemical composition, mineral crystal structure, micromechanical and structural properties of calcified cartilage, and the subchondral bone plate in healthy and osteoarthritic knee joints in vitro.Raman microspectroscopy was used to investigate biochemical composition from unfixed and fully hydrated human osteochondral specimens. State-of-the-art micro-focus small-angle X-ray scattering (μSAXS) measurements were performed to map the mineral crystal thickness across the junction. Finally, a bovine patella model was utilized to explore the micromechanical changes in the junction as a function of degeneration and associate these changes with site-specific microstructure.Results show that calcified cartilage had a higher degree of mineralization, with thicker mineral crystals having greater stoichiometric perfection in a proteoglycan-rich matrix than underlying bone. The alterations in the degree of mineralization, type-B carbonate substitutions, mineral crystal thickness, tissue stiffness, and microstructure in both calcified cartilage and subchondral bone plate were observed during OA development. Some of these changes were found to occur at the very early stages of OA. In conclusion, this study shows that both mineralized tissues at the osteochondral junction undergo marked alterations during the evolution of OA, contributing to our current understanding of OA.Original papersOriginal papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.Das Gupta, S., Finnilä, M. A. J., Karhula, S. S., Kauppinen, S., Joukainen, A., Kröger, H., Korhonen, R. K., Thambyah, A., Rieppo, L., & Saarakkala, S. (2020). Raman microspectroscopic analysis of the tissue-specific composition of the human osteochondral junction in osteoarthritis: A pilot study. Acta Biomaterialia, 106, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.020Self-archived versionFinnilä, M. A. J., Das Gupta, S., Turunen, M. J., Kestilä, I., Turkiewicz, A., Lutz-Bueno, V., Folkesson, E., Holler, M., Ali, N., Hughes, V., Isaksson, H., Tjörnstrand, J., Önnerfjord, P., Guizar-Sicairos, M., Saarakkala, S., & Englund, M. (2021). Mineral crystal thickness in calcified cartilage and subchondral bone in healthy and osteoarthritic knees. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.15.448181Das Gupta, S., Finnilä, M. A. J., Rieppo, L., Turunen, M. J., Kestilä, I., Lutz-Bueno, V., Folkesson, E., Ali, N., Hughes, V., Isaksson, H., Tjörnstrand, J., Önnerfjord, P., Turkiewicz, A., Englund, M., & Saarakkala, S. (2021). Mineral composition of calcified cartilage and subchondral bone plate in humans with and without knee osteoarthritis. Manuscript in preparation.Das Gupta, S., Workman, J., Finnilä, M. A. J., Saarakkala, S., & Thambyah, A. (2022). Subchondral bone plate thickness is associated with micromechanical and microstructural changes in the bovine patella osteochondral junction with different levels of cartilage degeneration. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 129, 105158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105158Self-archived versionTiivistelmäNivelrikko on aikuisväestön yleisin invalidoiva nivelsairaus. Nivelrikon tarkkaa syntytapaa ei edelleenkään tiedetä, mutta nykyisin on yleisesti hyväksytty, että nivelrikko vaikuttaa kaikkiin nivelen kudoksiin. Nivelessä sijaitseva luu-rustorajapinta muodostuu hyaliiniruston pohjakerroksen, kalkkeutuneen ruston ja rustonalaisen luun yhdistelmästä. Luu-rustorajapinnan rooli on välittää mekaanista kuormitusta rustosta luuhun nivelen liikkuessa. Nivelruston ja sen alaisen luun kudosmuutoksia nivelrikon eri vaiheissa on tutkittu laajasti, mutta luu-rustorajapinnan — erityisesti kalkkeutuneen ruston — kudosmuutoksia nivelrikon aikana on tutkittu vain vähän.Kalkkeutunut rusto on ohut kudoskerros, jossa on myös mineraalifaasi samoin kuin alla olevassa luukudoksessa. Tämä tekee kalkkeutuneen ruston kvantitatiivisesta tutkimisesta hankalaa, koska luun ja kalkkeutuneen ruston erottaminen on vaikeaa mikroskooppisten kuvantamismenetelmien rajoittuneen kontrastin ja erotuskyvyn vuoksi. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin nivelrikkoisen ja terveen kalkkeutuneen ruston biokemiallista koostumusta, mikrorakennetta sekä mikromekaanisia ominaisuuksia.Ihmisestä saatuja tuoreita ja käsittelemättömiä luu-rustonäytteitä tutkittiin aluksi Raman-mikroskopialla, jonka perusteella kartoitettiin niiden biokemiallista koostumusta eri kohdissa kudosta. Mineraalikristalleja analysoitiin pienkulmaröntgensironnan avulla, jolla pystyttiin kartoittamaan kristallien paksuutta koko luu-rustorajapinnan alueelta. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin myös naudan polvilumpiosta otettuja näytteitä, joiden avulla tutkittiin luu-rustorajapinnan mikromekaanisia muutoksia nivelrikon eri kehitysvaiheissa. Lisäksi tutkittiin mikromekaanisten muutoksien ja mikrorakenteen muutoksien välistä yhteyttä toisiinsa.Tulokset osoittavat, että kalkkeutuneessa rustossa on luuhun verrattuna korkeampi mineralisoitumisen aste, paksummat ja stoikiometrisesti täydellisemmät mineraalikristallit, sekä suurempi proteoglykaanipitoisuus. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa havaittiin selkeitä muutoksia mineralisaation määrässä, tyypin B karbonaattisubstituutiossa, mineraalikristallien paksuudessa, kudoksen jäykkyydessä sekä mikrorakenteessa nivelrikon kehittyessä. Osa muutoksista havaittiin hyvin varhaisessa nivelrikon kehitysvaiheessa. Tässä väitöskirjassa saatiin tärkeää uutta tietoa siitä, että luu-rustorajapinnnassa tapahtuu merkittäviä muutoksia nivelrikon kehittyessä. Tämä lisää nykyistä tietämystämme nivelrikon etiologiasta.OsajulkaisutOsajulkaisut eivät sisälly väitöskirjan elektroniseen versioon.Das Gupta, S., Finnilä, M. A. J., Karhula, S. S., Kauppinen, S., Joukainen, A., Kröger, H., Korhonen, R. K., Thambyah, A., Rieppo, L., & Saarakkala, S. (2020). Raman microspectroscopic analysis of the tissue-specific composition of the human osteochondral junction in osteoarthritis: A pilot study. Acta Biomaterialia, 106, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.020Rinnakkaistallennettu versioFinnilä, M. A. J., Das Gupta, S., Turunen, M. J., Kestilä, I., Turkiewicz, A., Lutz-Bueno, V., Folkesson, E., Holler, M., Ali, N., Hughes, V., Isaksson, H., Tjörnstrand, J., Önnerfjord, P., Guizar-Sicairos, M., Saarakkala, S., & Englund, M. (2021). Mineral crystal thickness in calcified cartilage and subchondral bone in healthy and osteoarthritic knees. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.15.448181Das Gupta, S., Finnilä, M. A. J., Rieppo, L., Turunen, M. J., Kestilä, I., Lutz-Bueno, V., Folkesson, E., Ali, N., Hughes, V., Isaksson, H., Tjörnstrand, J., Önnerfjord, P., Turkiewicz, A., Englund, M., & Saarakkala, S. (2021). Mineral composition of calcified cartilage and subchondral bone plate in humans with and without knee osteoarthritis. Manuscript in preparation.Das Gupta, S., Workman, J., Finnilä, M. A. J., Saarakkala, S., & Thambyah, A. (2022). Subchondral bone plate thickness is associated with micromechanical and microstructural changes in the bovine patella osteochondral junction with different levels of cartilage degeneration. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 129, 105158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105158Rinnakkaistallennettu versioAcademic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Programme Committee of Health and Biosciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in the Markku Larmas auditorium (H1091) in Dentopolis, on 12 August 2022, at 12 noonAbstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that causes disability in the adult population. While the etiology and pathogenesis of OA remain unclear, it is now commonly accepted that the entire joint is affected by OA. The deep zone of hyaline articular cartilage, calcified cartilage, and cortical subchondral bone plate form the osteochondral junction that is specially adapted to transferring loads during weight-bearing and joint motion. Although the OA-related changes in articular cartilage and subchondral trabecular bone have been extensively studied, the changes in the osteochondral junction, especially in the calcified cartilage, remain under explored.
Calcified cartilage is a relatively thin tissue layer and has a similar mineral phase to the underlying bone. Hence, it is a major challenge to quantitively study calcified cartilage separately from the whole osteochondral junction, due to the limitations in spatial resolution and the contrast of current microscopic imaging modalities. Therefore, this doctoral dissertation aims to study the biochemical composition, mineral crystal structure, micromechanical and structural properties of calcified cartilage, and the subchondral bone plate in healthy and osteoarthritic knee joints in vitro.
Raman microspectroscopy was used to investigate biochemical composition from unfixed and fully hydrated human osteochondral specimens. State-of-the-art micro-focus small-angle X-ray scattering (μSAXS) measurements were performed to map the mineral crystal thickness across the junction. Finally, a bovine patella model was utilized to explore the micromechanical changes in the junction as a function of degeneration and associate these changes with site-specific microstructure.
Results show that calcified cartilage had a higher degree of mineralization, with thicker mineral crystals having greater stoichiometric perfection in a proteoglycan-rich matrix than underlying bone. The alterations in the degree of mineralization, type-B carbonate substitutions, mineral crystal thickness, tissue stiffness, and microstructure in both calcified cartilage and subchondral bone plate were observed during OA development. Some of these changes were found to occur at the very early stages of OA. In conclusion, this study shows that both mineralized tissues at the osteochondral junction undergo marked alterations during the evolution of OA, contributing to our current understanding of OA.Tiivistelmä
Nivelrikko on aikuisväestön yleisin invalidoiva nivelsairaus. Nivelrikon tarkkaa syntytapaa ei edelleenkään tiedetä, mutta nykyisin on yleisesti hyväksytty, että nivelrikko vaikuttaa kaikkiin nivelen kudoksiin. Nivelessä sijaitseva luu-rustorajapinta muodostuu hyaliiniruston pohjakerroksen, kalkkeutuneen ruston ja rustonalaisen luun yhdistelmästä. Luu-rustorajapinnan rooli on välittää mekaanista kuormitusta rustosta luuhun nivelen liikkuessa. Nivelruston ja sen alaisen luun kudosmuutoksia nivelrikon eri vaiheissa on tutkittu laajasti, mutta luu-rustorajapinnan — erityisesti kalkkeutuneen ruston — kudosmuutoksia nivelrikon aikana on tutkittu vain vähän.
Kalkkeutunut rusto on ohut kudoskerros, jossa on myös mineraalifaasi samoin kuin alla olevassa luukudoksessa. Tämä tekee kalkkeutuneen ruston kvantitatiivisesta tutkimisesta hankalaa, koska luun ja kalkkeutuneen ruston erottaminen on vaikeaa mikroskooppisten kuvantamismenetelmien rajoittuneen kontrastin ja erotuskyvyn vuoksi. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin nivelrikkoisen ja terveen kalkkeutuneen ruston biokemiallista koostumusta, mikrorakennetta sekä mikromekaanisia ominaisuuksia.
Ihmisestä saatuja tuoreita ja käsittelemättömiä luu-rustonäytteitä tutkittiin aluksi Raman-mikroskopialla, jonka perusteella kartoitettiin niiden biokemiallista koostumusta eri kohdissa kudosta. Mineraalikristalleja analysoitiin pienkulmaröntgensironnan avulla, jolla pystyttiin kartoittamaan kristallien paksuutta koko luu-rustorajapinnan alueelta. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin myös naudan polvilumpiosta otettuja näytteitä, joiden avulla tutkittiin luu-rustorajapinnan mikromekaanisia muutoksia nivelrikon eri kehitysvaiheissa. Lisäksi tutkittiin mikromekaanisten muutoksien ja mikrorakenteen muutoksien välistä yhteyttä toisiinsa.
Tulokset osoittavat, että kalkkeutuneessa rustossa on luuhun verrattuna korkeampi mineralisoitumisen aste, paksummat ja stoikiometrisesti täydellisemmät mineraalikristallit, sekä suurempi proteoglykaanipitoisuus. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa havaittiin selkeitä muutoksia mineralisaation määrässä, tyypin B karbonaattisubstituutiossa, mineraalikristallien paksuudessa, kudoksen jäykkyydessä sekä mikrorakenteessa nivelrikon kehittyessä. Osa muutoksista havaittiin hyvin varhaisessa nivelrikon kehitysvaiheessa. Tässä väitöskirjassa saatiin tärkeää uutta tietoa siitä, että luu-rustorajapinnnassa tapahtuu merkittäviä muutoksia nivelrikon kehittyessä. Tämä lisää nykyistä tietämystämme nivelrikon etiologiasta
Letter from H. L. Russell to Carl Hayden
No full textLetter from H. L. Russell to Carl Hayden regarding fines in the park
Letter from Carl Hayden to L. H. Mcellherren
No full textLetter from Carl Hayden to L. H. McEllherren detailing the funeral of Hon. M. P. Kinkaid, Chairman of the Committee on Irrigation of Arid Lands as well as Hayden's travel plans for the summer
Forecast of July 2015—New Jersey: prospects for the long term
No full textThe July 2015 R/ECON forecast shows more rapid growth for the state in 2015 than in 2014. Nonagricultural employment rose by 0.7 percent—or 27,700 jobs in 2014—after growth of 1.2 percent or 45,100 jobs in 2013. Growth will improve to 1.1 percent in 2015 and 2016 and then average 0.8 percent over the rest of the forecast period, which goes through 2045. At these rates the job base will return to the peak level reached in the first quarter of 2008 in mid-2017. By the end of the forecast period in 2045 the employment base will be nearly a million jobs, and 23 percent, greater than its level at the peak.1 These projections assume no specific recession/recovery cycle disrupts the state’s or nation’s growth. Although this seems rather far-fetched given that the average business cycle (peak to peak) in the U.S. since World War II has lasted about 24 quarters and the current cycle is now in its seventh year, a caveat to keep in mind is that this is a long term TREND forecast; it does not purport to indicate at what point(s) CYCLES may occur.Rutgers Economic Advisory Service (R/ECON) quarterly repor
Neolebouria krusadaiensis (Gupta, 1956) Gibson 1976
No full textNeolebouria krusadaiensis (Gupta, 1956) Gibson, 1976 Synonyms: Hamacreadium krusadaiensis Gupta, 1956; Plagioporus krusadaiensis (Gupta, 1956) Yamaguti, 1971. Records. From an unidentified “marine catfish” in the Gulf of Mannar by Gupta (1956) as H. krusadaiensis. From Lethrinus nebulosus [as L. frenatus Valenciennes] in the Gulf of Mannar by Hafeezullah (1971) as H. krusadaiensis. Remarks. This species was described from a single specimen. It is small and has a pre-bifurcal genital pore and a tri-lobed ovary. It therefore fits neatly into the concept of Neolebouria and has been recognised in that genus by Gibson (1976), Aken'Ova & Cribb (2001) and Dronen et al. (2014). The description provided by Hafeezullah (1971) agrees closely with the original. Neither described the excretory vesicle.Published as part of Martin, Storm B., Cutmore, Scott C., Ward, Selina & Cribb, Thomas H., 2017, An updated concept and revised composition for Hamacreadium Linton, 1910 (Opecoelidae: Plagioporinae) clarifies a previously obscured pattern of host-specificity among species, pp. 151-187 in Zootaxa 4254 (2) on pages 175-176, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/54586
FINSLER SPACE SUBJECTED TO A KROPINA CHANGE WITH AN h-VECTOR
No full textIn this paper, we discuss the Finsler spaces and , where is obtained from by Kropina change and is an \textsl{h}-vector in . We find the necessary and sufficient condition when the Cartan connection coefficients for both spaces and are the same. We also find the necessary and sufficient condition for Kropina change with an \textsl{h}-vector to be projective
Phobocampe lymantriae GUPTA 1983
No full textPhobocampe lymantriae GUPTA, 1983 M a t e r i a l: H 1: 1♀ 5-15.V. D i s t r i b u t i o n: Palaearctic region, new for Georgia and the Caucasus region.Published as part of Riedel, Matthias, Diller, Erich & Japoshvili, George, 2018, The Ichneumonid fauna (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Lagodekhi Reserve, Sakartvelo (Georgia), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 1447-1507 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 50 (2) on page 1456, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.527509
Dolichogenidea lumba Rousse et Gupta, sp. nov.
No full textDolichogenidea lumba Rousse et Gupta, sp. nov. (Fig. 13 d) Diagnosis. Entirely black. Entire head densely setose. Clypeus high. Ovipositor large and weakly decurved. Color. Overall coloration black with fore tibia, base of hind tibia, fore and middle trochanter and trochantellus somewhat clearer. Palpi dark yellowish. Wings hyaline, venation dark yellowish. Description. FEMALE (Holotype). B: 2.5; A: 2.7; L: 2.7. Head. Entirely densely setose. Clypeus elongate, distinctly separate from face, its ventral margin concave. Face and clypeus finely and densely punctate. H i: 0.9; EH i: 0.8; C i: 2.6; Fl 1 i: 4.0; Fl 2 i: 4.4; FL 1– 2 i: 0.9; Fl 15 i: 1.8; Fl 16 i: 2.0; OO i: 2.0; IO i: 1.3. Mesosoma. Punctate areas with long silver pilosity. Pronotum smooth with some deep punctures, upper and lower furrows deep and crenulate. Mesopleuron with anterior third densely and deeply punctate, largely smooth posteriorly. Metapleuron smooth with some punctures anteriorly and posteriorly. Mesoscutum deeply, regularly and densely punctate, median lobe slightly raised. Scuto-scutellar suture thin. Scutellum very shallowly punctate. MSC i: 0.8. Propodeum shallowly punctate, costulae strong, areola complete, pentagonal, apically truncate, basally petiolate. Fore wing. R 1 /Pl i: 1.2; r/Pw i: 3.0; r/ 2 Rs i: 1.8. Hind wing. Vannal lobe regularly rounded, apical margin shortly and regularly setose all along. Legs. Hind coxa shagreened with some shallow punctures. Cx/T 1 i: 1.2; F i: 3.7. Metasoma. Tergum 1 with lateral margins sub-parallel, coarsely rugose-punctate and medially convex with an apical shallow depression. Tergum 2 slightly trapezoidal, almost smooth with very weak aciculations. Hypopygium barely protruding beyond metasomal apex, ventro-medially desclerotised. Ovipositor sheath setose all along. Ovipositor large and weakly decurved. T 1 a i: 1.0; T 1 b i: 1.3; T 1 /T 2 i: 3.3; T 2 a i: 0.2; T 2 b i: 0.3; T 2 /T 3 i: 0.9; OT i: 1.1. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. HOLOTYPE Ƥ (MNHN EY 8806) Verbatim label data: Le Tampon / Plaine des Sables, alt. 2260m, 04/05/ 11, leg. T. Ramage; fore right leg and hind legs from femur (left) and tibia (right) broken. Etymology. The species is named after the hindi word “ lumba ” meaning "long" hence relating to the long ovipositor of this species. Distribution records. Reunion.Published as part of Rousse, Pascal & Gupta, Ankita, 2013, Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Reunion Island: a catalogue of the local species, including 18 new taxa and a key to species, pp. 501-547 in Zootaxa 3616 (6) on page 528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3616.6.1, http://zenodo.org/record/21794
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