51 research outputs found
Relativizando as identidades: Vitor Ramil e a estética do frio
No full textThis article presents the questions raised in the essay A estética do frio (The aesthetics of the cold) (2004), written and published by the musician and composer from Rio Grande do Sul, Vitor Ramil. In the essay, the author exposes some cultural differences existing in Brazil, showing that southern cultural production has more affinity with neighboring countries, Uruguay and Argentina, than with other Brazilian regions. For Ramil, this happens due a symbolic division of the country between hot Brazil and cold Brazil, in which cultural products that are not related to the representation of a warm and tropical aesthetic tend to be restricted to regional consumption. In parallel, throughout the text, we seek to analyze how this cold aesthetic defended by Ramil is dependent of the hot aesthetic to exist as a cultural representation. Although there are divergences and contrasts (of climate, landscape, territory, identity), this apparent antagonism is complementary regarding of the construction of artistic identity for the pampas musicians, functioning as a game of mirrors among the actors involved.Este artigo apresenta os questionamentos levantados no ensaio A estética do frio (2004), escrito e publicado pelo músico e compositor gaúcho Vitor Ramil. No ensaio, o autor expõe algumas diferenças culturais existentes no Brasil, mostrando que a produção cultural sulista tem mais afinidade com os países vizinhos, Uruguai e Argentina, do que com as demais regiões brasileiras. Para Ramil, isso ocorre devido a uma divisão simbólica do país entre Brasil quente e Brasil frio, na qual os produtos culturais que fogem da representação de uma estética quente e tropical, tendem a ficar restritos ao consumo regional. Em paralelo, no decorrer do texto, buscamos analisar como essa estética fria defendida por Ramil é dependente da estética quente para existir enquanto representação cultural. Ainda que havendo divergências e contrastes (de clima, paisagem, território, identidade), esse aparente antagonismo é complementar no que se refere à construção de identidade artística para os músicos dos pampas, funcionando como um jogo de espelhos entre os atores envolvidos.
Rethinking Boundaries: The Ftx Fiasco and The Imperative of Regulating Cryptocurrency Exchanges
Get PDFA turning point in the sector was the bankruptcy of FTX, a well-known cryptocurrency exchange, in late 2022. Sam Bankman-Fried founded FTX, which at first prospered with its cutting-edge offers. However, because of financial mismanagement and regulatory issues, FTX experienced a liquidity problem and widespread withdrawals. The collapse revealed regulatory shortcomings and generated demands for improved supervision and investor protection on a global scale. It is essential to implement swift changes, such as harmonized laws and transparent auditing, in order to reduce risks and promote market integrity. Nonetheless, regulatory obstacles continue to exist, necessitating a careful balancing act between innovation and supervision. The failure highlights the necessity of educating stakeholders and helping them adjust to the changing cryptocurrency environment. Regulations guarantee stability, investor trust, and institutional involvement, even though they may also present challenges. In the end, the crash of FTX steered the sector toward responsible expansion and emphasized the significance of strong regulatory frameworks in determining the course of cryptocurrency markets
Astrodendrum juancarlosi Calero & Ramil 2023, sp. nov.
No full textAstrodendrum juancarlosi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ECD0622E-6FAF-4C72-B102-F1B94D8ECBFB Figs 3E–F, 7–9 Diagnosis Species with small granule-like external ossicles, ending in a crystalline point, covering the dorsal and lateral interradial areas of the disc. Ventral disc areas and arms covered by domed granule-like external ossicles without any crystalline point. Two or three terminal projections on each arm spine; one secondary teeth on each valve. Etymology The specific epithet ‘ juancarlosi ’ was chosen as a tribute to Mr Juan Carlos Calero, father of the first author. Material examined Holotype GUINEA BISSAU • 2 specs, 40.43–56.81 mm dd; 10°18′55″ N, 16°25′07″ W; depth 79 m; 4 Nov. 2008; Bissau-0810 exped.; stn BS200; Bissau-0810-06403; MNCN 29.02/1534. Paratypes GUINEA BISSAU • 2 specs, 28.20–51.16 mm dd; 11°08′07″– 11°09′33″ N, 17°15′20″– 17°15′44″ W; depth 109 m; 29 Oct. 2011; CCLME-1110 exped.; CCLME-1110 exped.; stn BT53; MHN USC-10132 -1 and 2 • 1 spec., 40.43 mm dd; 10°18′55″ N, 16°25′07″ W; depth 79 m; 4 Nov. 2008; Bissau-0810 exped.; Bissau-0810 exped.; stn BS200; MNCN 29.02/1535. WESTERN SAHARA • 1 spec., 44.62 mm dd; 26°26′23″– 26°25′06″ N, 14°25′30″– 14°26′23″ W; depth 67– 58 m; 29 Nov. 2011; CCLME-1110 exped.; CCLME-1110 exped.; stn BT215; CFM-IEOMA-7776. • 1 spec., 46.70 mm dd; 14°57′00″– 14°58′09″ N, 17°39′08″– 17°38′13″ W; depth 797 m; 25 May 2012; CCLME-1205 exped.; CCLME-1205 exped.; stn BT368; CCLME-1205-03248; LZM-UV. Additional material GUINEA BISSAU • 1 spec., 10.07 mm dd; 11°05′09″– 17°03′15″ N, 11°04′15″– 17°03′10″ W; depth 46–47 m; 26 Oct. 2008; Bissau-0810 exped.; stn BS151; Bissau-0810-06146; LZM-UV. Description (holotype) DISC. Five-lobed in shape, slightly excavated inter-radially (Fig. 8A), with no peripheral calcareous plates on rim. Radial shields tumid, long (almost raising the centre of disc) and narrow, which is deeply sunken (Fig. 8C). Radial shields completely concealed by external ossicles, bar-shaped, as wide proximally as distally, but more separated distally, converging towards centre of disc. Distally, radial shields end on enlarged, slightly concave and oval-shaped plate covered by minute granules (Fig. 8C–D). Dorsal disc covered by small granule-like external ossicles (Fig. 8A, C–D), each one ending in terminal crystalline point. At edge of disc, ossicles more densely packed and without crystalline point (Fig. 8C), and bigger in size between radial shields (Fig. 8C–D). Ossicles concealing radial shields similar to those from dorsal disc but more densely packed.Ventral inter-radial areas densely covered by mosaic of small irregular flat plates with granule-like external ossicles without terminal point. Oral shield, adoral shield, oral plates, along edge of mouth frame and ventral arm plates more densely covered by similar external ossicles. Mouth frame sunken (Fig. 8E). Interradial surface of lateral disc covered by external ossicles similar but smaller than those covering dorsal disc. Two large genital slits on each interradius running almost vertically along first five or six brachial segments after first fork (Fig. 8F). Conical external ossicles with terminal crystalline point more developed on adradial edge of genital slits. One oval-shaped and well-developed madreporite located just outside mouth frame (Fig. 8E). Both, tooth and oral papillae spiniform, especially larger apical ones. Mouth and infradental papillae form continuous series along mouth frame (Fig. 8E). Teeth varying in position and size, being irregular in outline and more or less irregularly disposed. ARMS. Arms branching, with first fork before disc margin and second one located at margin. Nevertheless, in smaller specimens (juvenile), first fork located on margin of disc. Arms tapering gradually towards tips, completely covered, both, dorsally and ventrally, by domed granule-like external ossicles (Fig. 9A); these granules somewhat bigger than disc ones and without any crystalline point. Dorsal side of arms carry pedicellarial bands along whole arms. Valves with one secondary tooth downwardly curved (Fig. 9C). Some sunken transverse furrow between segments, giving arms an annulated appearance. Indication observed of median furrow along arm (Fig. 8G). Ventral side of arms with noticeable transverse naked furrows between segments until second fork; afterwards, furrows become smaller, disappearing after third fork. First two pores without arm spine. Arm spines beginning at third pair of pores with only one small spine at third and fourth pair of pores, two arm spines (sometimes one) afterwards and three arm spines (sometimes two) after second fork. Arm spines short and wide, ending in two or three hyaline points (Fig. 9F). Vertebrae streptospondylous (Fig. 9G–K). COLOUR. Living specimens showing varying colours, from creamish-pink to dark orange and brown to gray (Fig. 3E–F) with clear ventral part; preserved specimens are white. OSSICLE MORPHOLOGY. External ossicles on dorsal surface of disc, including radial shields, are granule-shaped and ending in a crystalline point (Fig. 9A). Baseplates oval-shaped with three to five tubercleshaped articulations for pedicellarial (Fig. 9D). External ossicles on baseplates granule-like shaped, approximately 200 µm in length and 100 µm in height (Fig. 9B). Valves with single inner tooth downwardly directed, and reticular structure (Fig. 9C). Lateral arm plates long, bar-like, with tuberculous stereom, spines placed in external lobe of plate (Fig. 9E). Arm spines ovoid-shaped with two or three small projections, not transforming into hook-shaped spines on distal portion (Fig. 9F). Vertebrae with hourglass-shaped streptospondylous articulations (Fig. 9G–K). Branching vertebra wider and with two surfaces for articulation. Distribution This species has been recorded in the Northwest African coast, from the Western Sahara to Guinea-Bissau waters. Its bathymetric distribution ranges between 47 and 797 m. Remarks The genus Astrodendrum was established by Döderlein (1911) for Gornocephalus sagaminus Döderlein, 1902. He realised that all species that belong to Gorgonocephalus Leach 1815 are characterised by the presence of a well-developed belt of calcareous plates at the margins of the disc. However, species of Astrodendrum have no ring of calcareous plates at the rim. Additionally, the arm spines appear before the first fork, as in Gorgonocephalus; however, in Astrodendrum Döderlein, 1911, these arm spines are much smaller, hardly reaching ⅓ of the segment length, and their number is reduced: with three (or rarely four) on each side. Taxonomic studies dealing with this genus are scarce, and we have only found a revision of the genus recently published by Okanishi & Fujita (2018). According to these authors, the genus is characterised by having five branching arms, with less than six segments before the first fork; lack of calcareous plates on the edge of the disc margin; variously shaped external ossicles or no ossicles on the disc; a madreporite placed on the innermost part of the interradial lateral disc; and valves from the dorsal arms with one secondary tooth. Currently, only six species have been assigned to this genus. Among them, only Astrodendrum capense (Mortensen, 1933), described from Durban, South Africa (Mortensen 1933; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976), has been found in the Atlantic Ocean – Namibia (Alva & Vadon 1989). Astrodendrum elingamita Baker, 1974 has been reported in New Zealand and Philippines (Baker 1974; Okanishi & Fujita 2018); Astrodendrum galapagense A.H. Clark, 1916 from Galapagos Islands; Astrodendrum laevigatum (Koehler, 1897) from Colombo (Sri Lanka); and Astrodendrum sagaminum (Döderlein, 1902) from Japan, East China Sea and Sri Lanka (Döderlein 1902, 1911; Clark 1911; Bomford 1913; Matsumoto 1917; Irimura & Kubodera 1998); and the recently described Astrodendrum spinulosum Okanashi & Fujita, 2018 also from Japan. In addition to the shape, size and arrangement of external ossicles – widely used as an important specific taxonomic character (Baker 1974, 1980; McKnight 2000) – Okanishi and Fujita (2018) included the possibility of the lack of external ossicles (as in the case of A. laevigatum), and they also proposed three new taxonomic characters to distinguish species of Astrodendrum: • absence/ presence of bulges on lateral ridges of proximal portion of arm • number of terminal projections of arm spines on proximal portion of arm • number of secondary teeth of hook-shaped arm spines on distal portion of the arm The main morphological features of all known species of Astrodendrum, including A. juancarlosi sp. nov., are summarized in Table 2. Astrodendrum spinulosum differs from the rest of species by the presence of bulges on lateral ridges of proximal portion of the arm. The new species here described, also differs from A. spinulosum by the number of terminal projections of arm spines on the proximal portion of the arm (three in the case of the new species and one in A. spinulosum). In addition, A. spinulosun has cone-shaped external ossicles, while A. juancarlosi sp. nov. has granule like ossicles ending in a crystalline point at the dorsal surface of the disc. Astrodendrum juancarlosi sp. nov. is more similar to A. elingamita in the shape of the ventral coverage and the lack of a scale in the first tentacle pore. Nevertheless, A. elingamita has the first fork in the margin of the disc, while it is located before the margin in our species. The polygonal plates of the ventral covering are closer in the A. elingamita than in our specimen. Our specimens also differ from A. elingamita by having one type of dome-shaped granules with 1–2 hyaline terminal points rather than two smooth types. Astrodendrum sagaminum differs from Astrodendrum juancarlosi sp. nov. in also having two types of granules and naked arms and ventral disk. Astrodendrum capense has several medium-sized conical tubercles along the radial shields; it also has some smaller conical tubercles along the inter-radial disc margin, both ending in small thorns. Moreover, the disc is closely covered with minute and smooth plates. Astrodendrum galapagense has a dorsal coarse armament on the disc and arms. The external ossicles on the aboral disc are plate-shaped at periphery and conical at center, both slightly in contact, while on the oral surface has a few small widely scattered granules, except in the ventral interbrachial areas. Astrodendrum laevigatum is covered by a thin, transparent, soft and perfectly smooth tegument without any granules or spines. According to the description of this species in the literature, there are some doubts about the inclusion of this species in the genus Astrodendrum. We consider necessary to review the type material before we can reach a conclusion on this issue. Therefore, in this paper we follow Okanishi & Fujita (2018) and keep the species within the genus Astrodendrum. Finally, our specimen has marked rectangular furrows that are absent in the rest of the species of Astrodendrum. Even though Mortensen (1933) described the underside of the arms of A. capense as flat and without any grooves, he pointed out that this “may be an indication of a transverse furrow between the segments from the first forking onwards” (Mortensen 1933: 286). See Table 2 for comparison of main morphological characteristics among species.Published as part of Calero, Belén & Ramil, Fran, 2023, Euryalida (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from Northwest Africa, pp. 46-75 in European Journal of Taxonomy 870 on pages 59-67, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.870.2117, http://zenodo.org/record/793861
O nascer depois do tempo : percorrendo a identidade migrante de Selbor em Satolep, de Vitor Ramil
Get PDFEste trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a trajetória do personagem Selbor, protagonista do romance Satolep, de Vitor Ramil. Nessa intenção, será explorada a construção identitária de Selbor visando ao pertencimento nos locais que atravessa antes de chegar à Satolep, bem como seus movimentos dentro da cidade ficcional. Inicialmente, busca-se investigar sua migrância pelas cidades do norte, em que o personagem é um deslocado; em seguida, faz-se um estudo sobre o retorno do protagonista à cidade de origem no encalço de sua identidade. Para tanto, serão utilizados alguns teóricos como Pierre Ouellet, Janet Paterson, Julia Kristeva e Zygmunt Bauman.This work intents to analyze the trajectory of the character Selbor, protagonist of the Novel Satolep, from the author Vitor Ramil. With this intention, it will be explored the identity construction of Selbor aiming the sense of belonging in the places he pass before returning to Satolep, such as his movements inside the fictional city. Firstly, it is sought to investigate its migration by the cities of the north, in which the personage is a displaced person; afterward, a study is made on the return of the protagonist to the city of origin in the pursuit of his identity. To do so, we will use some theories such as Pierre Ouellet, Janet Paterson, Julia Kristeva and Zygmunt Bauman
Paguristes candelae Matos-Pita & Ramil, 2015, n. sp.
No full textPaguristes candelae n. sp. (Fig. 7–12) Material examined. Holotype: Stn. MU 140 (17 ° 39 ' 25 "N, 16 ° 38 ' 11 "W to 17 ° 42 ' 28 "N, 16 ° 38 '00"W), 376–377 m, 4 November 2008 (MNCN 20.04 / 9822), male, sl 9.54 mm, entire, part of the anterior right branchiostegite is missing, inhabiting a shell of Euthriostoma saharicum (Locard, 1897) attached with two specimens of an unidentified actinia. Paratypes: Stn. MUBV 18 (18 ° 28 ' 27 " N, 16 ° 42 ' 43 "W to 18 ° 28 ' 14 "N, 16 ° 42 ' 40 "W), 559–574 m, 11 December 2009 (MNCN 20.04 / 9823), 1 female, sl 5.10 mm, entire, lacking right pereiopod 4 dactylus and half propodus, without a shell; Stn MUDR 12 (19 ° 52 ' 38 "N, 17 ° 22 ' 23 "W), 485 m, 26 November 2010 (UVIGOBA 3 –02500), 1 female, sl 3.91 mm, entire, right P 3 and left P 2 detached, inhabiting a shell of Nassarius wolffi (Knudsen, 1956) (specimen added posteriorly, collected in the same area with a rock dredge). Description. Shield slightly longer than broad (1.04 times); anterolateral margins weakly sloping, one spine on anterolateral angle; anterior margin between rostrum and lateral projections concave; posterior margin truncated; dorsal surface rugose with low, irregular elevations on gastric region on either side of the midline and scattered tufts of long simple setae laterally (Fig. 8 A). Rostrum short, broadly triangular, with a terminal thin spine weakly curved ventrally, falling short in relation to the lateral projections; dorsal surface with a median elevation; lateral margins smooth and furnished with long plumose setae. Lateral projections subtriangular, with small and weakly developed marginal blunt spines on the left, not developed on the right (Fig. 8 B). Branchiostegites strongly calcified (Figs. 7 A, B), anterior margin smooth and furnished with long plumose setae on the left (right is missing); covering 13 pairs of biserial phyllobranchiae; pleurobranchiae above pereiopods 2–4. Ocular peduncles moderately slender (5.85 times longer than the width of cornea), about 0.54 times as long as shield, cylindrical, weakly inflated basally, cornea not dilated; both dorsal surfaces with dorsolateral tufts of long simple setae proximally and a longitudinal dorsomesial row of long simple setae (Fig. 8 B). Ocular acicles subtriangular, ending in a simple spine on the left and with an additional small spine behind the main one (Fig. 8 B); mesial and lateral margins unarmed; mesial margin furnished with short plumose setae; separated by 0.3 basal width of one acicle. Antennular peduncles, when fully extended, overreach distal margins of corneas by 0.8 length of ultimate segment. Ultimate segment with a dorsal longitudinal row of scattered long, simple setae; penultimate segment without setae. Basal segment with spine on dorsolateral margin of statocyst lobe, laterodistal margin with spinule, ventromesial distal angle produced, ending in acute spine. Antennal peduncles, when fully extended, overreach cornea by 1 / 3 the length of the fifth segment; fifth segment unarmed; fourth segment with a small spine at dorsodistal margin; third segment with ventromesial distal angle strongly produced, ending in a strong spine; second segment with dorsolateral distal margin produced, ending in three spines almost concealed by a tuft of long simple setae, lateral margin with a small spine on the left antenna and smooth on the right one, dorsomesial angle with two distal spines, mesial row of short plumose setae; first segment with a very small laterodistal marginal spine on the left antenna, unarmed on the right one. Antennal acicles moderately long, slightly falling short of the distal margin of the ultimate peduncular segment, with numerous long simple setae; ending in a strong bifid spine; inflated basally; mesial margin with eight (left) or seven (right) strong spines, lateral margin armed distally with two (right) or three (left) strong spines (Fig. 8 B). Antennal flagella three times the length of the shield, slightly exceeding the tips of chelipeds, composed of about 50 articles, each with simple setae on their distal margin; setae up to six articles long. Third maxilliped ischium with well-developed crista dentata composed of moderately sized corneous teeth, without accessory tooth, ventrodistal margin and dorsolateral corner with one spine; merus with three moderate and separated ventral spines, one spine on dorsodistal margin; carpus with one spine on dorsodistal margin; dactylus shorter than propodus (Fig. 10 D). Chelipeds subequal and with similar armature, left slightly large and longer than right (Fig. 7 C). Dactylus 1.5 times longer than palm, cutting edge with a row of small calcareous teeth in proximal 0.7 and a row of strong corneous teeth in distal 0.3, ending in a strong corneous claw, overlapped by a fixed finger; dorsomesial margin with an irregular row of moderately small, conical, corneous-tipped spines, decreasing in size distally, dorsal surface with scattered tufts of long stiff setae and a couple of spinulose tubercles proximally; mesial face protuberant ventrally (Fig. 10 B) with scattered tufts of short setae and corneous, or only corneous-tipped, spinules; ventral surface unarmed, with tufts of stiff setae. Palm slightly shorter than carpus (Fig. 10 A); dorsomesial margin with three strong, corneous-tipped spines, dorsal surface convex, without delineation of dorsolateral margin, with several irregular rows of moderately strong, corneous-tipped spines, decreasing in size on the fixed finger, and with a tuft of stiff setae; mesial surface with a couple of low protuberances distally, with tufts of long setae, mesiodistal margin unarmed; ventral surface well inflated, with row of spinulose tubercles with tufts of long setae along midline, extending onto the fixed finger, and few protuberances or tubercles laterally and mesially. Fixed finger not noticeably deflexed (Fig. 10 B); dorsal surface with irregular rows of moderately strong corneous-tipped spines, decreasing in size distally; lateral margin not clearly delineated; cutting edge with row of small calcareous teeth in proximal 0.7 and row of strong corneous teeth in distal 0.3, ending in a strong corneous claw; a narrow hiatus when the claw is closed. Carpus about 0.6 times as long as merus (Fig. 10 B); dorsomesial margin with an irregular row of four or five strong, conical, corneous-tipped spines, increasing in size distally; dorsal surface with single or double row of moderately strong, corneous-tipped spines at both sides of the midline and scattered tufts of long single setae; dorsodistal margin produced, with moderately small corneus-tipped spine laterally; dorsolateral margin not clearly delineated; mesial surface with tufts of setae along dorsal and distal margins; lateral surface with some scattered and moderately small tubercles, with tufts of setae; laterodistal margin with few small spines dorsally; ventral face unarmed. Merus moderately deep; dorsal surface with a row of small spinulose tubercles with tufts of long simple setae; dorsodistal margin weakly spinulose, with a spinulose transverse ridge running subdistally from lateral to mesial faces; mesial surface smooth; ventromesial margin with a row of moderately strong, corneoustipped spines and sparse simple setae; lateral surface with scattered small tubercles and few short setae (Fig. 10 B); ventral face unarmed and with a row of plumose setae distally following the ventrolateral margin; ventrolateral margin with small spine near distal corner. Ischium with a row of small spinulose tubercles, increasing in size distally, furnished with plumose setae on ventromesial margin, ventrolateral distal angle with a couple of small spines. Coxa unarmed. Second pereiopods overreaching chelipeds by about the total length of the dactylus (Figs. 7 A, 9 A). Dactylus about 0.6 times longer than propodus; weakly curved in lateral view, nearly straight or slightly twisted in dorsal view; ending in a strong, curved, corneous claw; each dorsal surface with a row of small to moderately small corneous-tipped spines, becoming smaller distally, partially obscured by numerous tufts of long setae; each mesial face with two rows of tufts of setae dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 10 C); lateral faces with two rows of sparse tufts of setae subdorsally and subventrally; each ventral margin with a row of about 30 small corneous spines anteriorly directed, increasing in size distally. Propodus distinctly longer than carpus; dorsal surfaces each with a more or less irregular row of strong, corneous-tipped spines mesially, less numerous on left pereiopod, partially obscured by tufts of long setae; dorsodistal margins with a spine; mesial surfaces with two entire rows of tufts of long setae dorsally and ventrally and one short row of scattered tufts of long setae on the proximal midline; lateral surfaces unarmed, each one with a row of tufts of long setae near the dorsal and ventral margins and also on the midline; ventral surfaces unarmed, each with an irregular row of tufts of long setae. Carpus dorsal surface with a row of strong, corneous-tipped spines mesially and tufts of long setae (Fig. 10 C), dorsodistal margin with a strong corneus-tipped spine; mesial surfaces smooth; lateral faces convex, each one with shallow longitudinal sulcus irregularly lined with scattered tufts of long simple setae, median scattered tufts of long simple setae and one row of lateroventral tufts of long simple setae; smooth ventral surfaces with a couple of tufts of short simple setae; ventrodistal margins with some long simple setae and a few short plumose setae. Merus strongly compressed laterally; each dorsal surface with a row of tufts of long simple setae; mesial and lateral surfaces smooth; each ventral surface with a mesial row of small spines or spinules and numerous long simple setae with some short plumose setae, ventrolateral angle furnished with two short plumose setae. Ischium dorsal surfaces with a row of spinules and some short plumose setae, dorsodistal margins with a short spine; ventral margins with a distal row of long plumose setae. Coxa unarmed other than with small spines on ventrolateral and ventromesial distal angles. Third pereiopods mostly similar to second in setation (Figs. 7 A, 9 A). Dactylus with a proximal single row of small corneous-tipped spines and small corneous spines distally on dorsomesial margin; each mesial surface with a single or a double row of small corneous spines ventral to midline (Fig. 10 C); each ventral surface with a row of about 30 small corneous spines anteriorly directed, flanked by two rows of tufts of long setae. Propodus unarmed. Carpus with a dorsal row of 2 or 3 spines proximally and a subdistal dorsal spine; mesial faces with one mediodistal tuft of setae (Fig. 10 C). Merus unarmed apart from a few spinules proximally on dorsal surfaces. Ischium with some barely noticeable spinules on dorsal surface and a very small subdistal spinous low tubercle. Coxa unarmed on dorsal and ventral margins. Fourth pereiopods setose on dorsal and ventral margins. Dactylus weakly curved, ending in a strong corneous claw, without preungal process (Fig. 10 E); dorsal surface unarmed; ventral surface with a lateral row extending to 0.7–0.8 length of ventral margin and composed of 6 or 7 corneous teeth. Propodal rasp formed by 5–6 rows of ovate scales (Fig. 10 E). Carpus and merus unarmed. Fifth pereiopods chelate, setose. Dactylus covered with ovate scales (Fig. 10 F). Propodus with a welldeveloped rasp (Fig. 10 F). Each coxa with a gonopore. Pleopods. First and second pleopods paired and modified (Figs. 11 A, 11 B). First pleopod robust, inferior lamella with the distal rounded margin furnished with 2–3 rows of hook-like spines (Fig. 11 C); external lobe with a curved tip and separated from the internal lobe by a wide rounded notch (Fig. 11 C); broad internal lobe with long setae distally (Figs. 11 A, 11 C). Second pleopod uniramous (Fig. 11 D). Third to fifth pleopods unpaired, exopods very well developed, endopods rudimentary. Abdominal tergites. Second and third abdominal tergites moderately calcified on their left (Fig. 7 B), with long plumose setae on the left margins; fourth abdominal tergite widely separated from the third tergite, with moderately long plumose setae. Uropods strongly asymmetrical (Fig. 9 D); each protopod with a few small corneous-tipped spines on its posteroventral margin. Telson with posterior lobes somewhat asymmetrical, left lobe larger than the right; broadly rounded; separated by a wide median cleft; terminal margins with short broad spines, 7 (left) and 6 (right) (Fig. 11 E); deep transverse indentations (as in Fig. 9 D); anterior lobes unarmed on their lateral margins. Females. Differences other than those attributed to sex: relative length of the antennal penduncle that falls short of distal cornea; absence of subterminal spine in the ocular acicles (Fig. 9 B); spines on ventrolateral and ventromesial distal angles on pereiopod 2, coxae almost inconspicuous; pereiopods 2 and 3 with the dactylus ventral margin furnished with fewer anteriorly directed corneus spines (about 20); pereiopod 4 with only five corneus teeth in the dactylus ventrolateral row; and telson with nine thinner marginal teeth on each lobe (Fig. 9 D). Females show paired gonopores (Fig. 12 A); first pleopods paired, uniramous; second to fifth pleopods unpaired, second to fourth with both rami well developed, exopods much longer than endopods and fifth pleopod shorter, with the exopod well developed and a vestigial endopod. Brood pouch moderately large, subtriangular, with smooth margins furnished with long plumose setae (Fig. 12 B). Etymology. Devoted to Candela, the daughter of the first author. Remarks. To date 18 species have been assigned to Paguristes in West Africa, seven of which were transferred to Areopaguristes (Rahayu 2005, present work) and one to Pseudopaguristes (present work). The type material of the other ten species must be checked in order to clarify their taxonomic status, as suggested by McLaughlin (2002) and Rahayu (2005). There are no indications of the gill number in the other ten Paguristes species in the literature, but P. candelae n. sp can be clearly differentiated by other features, including the multidentate ocular acicles (more than 3 spines) of Paguristes fagei Forest, 1952, Paguristes insularis Forest, 1966, Paguristes microphthalmus Forest, 1952, Paguristes oxyacanthus Forest, 1952 and Paguristes skoogi Odhner, 1923; the relative length of the rostrum, the antennal acicle and the antennal peduncle, as well as the morphology of chelipeds, and pereiopods 2 and 3 of the species Paguristes agulhasensis Forest, 1954 a, Paguristes barnardi Forest, 1954 a, Paguristes gamianus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1836), Paguristes macrotrichus Forest, 1954 a and Paguristes rubropictus A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1892. Moreover, the presence of two gonopods in females was only described for P. gamianus and P. rubropictus, although this detail is unknown for P. agulhasensis (only one male was ever reported) and for P. barnardi, P. macrotrichus and P. skoogi because this feature was never specified; in the other species, females have only one gonopore on left third pereiopod. Paguristes eremita (Linnaeus, 1767), Paguristes streaensis Pastore, 1984 and Paguristes syrtensis de Saint Laurent, 1971, also reported from E Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, have a rostrum that exceeds the lateral projections and granular chelipeds, whereas in Paguristes candelae n. sp. the rostrum falls short of the lateral projections and the chelipeds have strong corneus-tipped spines. We also checked the descriptions of the 31 species currently referred to as Paguristes sensu lato from the western Atlantic Ocean (A. Milne-Edwards 1880; A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier 1893; Benedict 1901; Schmitt 1933; Forest 1954 b; Holthuis 1959; Provenzano 1965; McLaughlin & Provenzano Jr. 1974, 1975; Campos & Sánchez 1995; Sandberg, 1996; Manjón-Cabeza et al. 2002); none of them concurred with the above-mentioned combination of features observed in our specimen, related to the rostrum, antennal acicles, cheliped morphology and telson armature.Published as part of De Matos-Pita, Susana S. & Ramil, Fran, 2015, Hermit crabs (Decapoda: Crustacea) from deep Mauritanian waters (NW Africa) with the description of a new species, pp. 151-190 in Zootaxa 3926 (2) on pages 164-170, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3926.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/24219
Em uma esquina do sul: fragmentações e construções identitárias na música platina a partir da análise da obra de Vitor Ramil
No full textTendo como objeto de análise a obra do compositor e escritor gaúcho Vitor Ramil, a pesquisa busca apontar, a partir do conceito de construção de identidade e das perspectivas contemporâneas do multiculturalismo, a produção musical de Ramil como produto cultural representativo da geração dos anos 90. Identificamos nessa década o surgimento de alguns importantes movimentos musicais (organizados ou não). Dois desses movimentos são: o Mangue Beat, em Recife, liderado por Chico Science; e A estética do frio, no Rio Grande do Sul, liderado por Vitor Ramil. A estética do frio, assim como os demais movimentos musicais surgidos na década de 90, apresentam algumas propostas em comum, a saber: o interesse e o resgate pela memória da cultura local/regional; a necessidade de afirmação cultural e geográfica na produção musical; o resgate da produção musical local/regional com a qual se afiliavam; a busca e a tradução do passado cultural local/regional com os quais se sentiam conectados para a atualidade; a intencionalidade de colocar em contato propostas musicais e temporalidades diferentes. Nota-se, portanto, uma necessidade dessa geração em fortalecer seus laços locais/regionais e em conectar a tradição com o mundo contemporâneo. Essas necessidades de afirmação estão vinculadas especialmente a dois momentos históricos: o início da redemocratização do país na segunda metade dos anos 80; e o medo da homogeneização cultural representada pela maior entrada de produtos culturais massivos no período pós-ditadura, geralmente oriundo dos Estados Unidos. Lançado em 1993, A estética do frio (2004) é um ensaio reflexivo de Ramil, no qual o autor tenta reformular sua produção musical e sua inserção enquanto músico gaúcho dentro da MPB. Além disso, também busca analisar as relações de afiliação da música gaúcha com as músicas argentina e uruguaia, e os possíveis vínculos culturais entre os três paísesCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorAnalysing the work of Vitor Ramil, composer and writer from Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, the research aims to identify, from the concept of identity construction and contemporary perspectives of multiculturalism, Ramil’s music production as a representative cultural product of the generation of the 90s. We identify in this decade the emergence of some important musical movements (organized or not). Both of these movements are: Mangue Beat, in Recife, led by Chico Science, and A estética do frio (The aesthetics of the cold), in Rio Grande do Sul, led by Vitor Ramil. A estética do frio (The aesthetics of the cold), as others musical movements that emerged in the 90s, have some proposals in common, namely: the interest and the rescue by the memory of local / regional culture; the need for cultural and geographical affirmation in music production; the rescue of local / regional musical production with which they were affiliated; the search and the translation of local / regional cultural past with which they felt connected to the present; the intention of establishing contacts between musical proposals and different times. Note, therefore, a need for this generation to strengthen their local / regional ties and connect the tradition with the contemporary world. Those needs of affirmation are linked especially to two historical moments: the beginning of Brazil’s democratization in the second half of the 80s; and the fear of cultural homogenization represented by a higher input of massive cultural products in the post-dictatorship period, usually coming from the United States. Released in 1993, A estética do frio (The aesthetics of the cold) is a Ramil’s reflective essay, in which the author tries to reshape his musical production and his role as a gaúcho (born in Rio Grande do Sul) musician within the Brazilian Popular Music (MPB). It also seeks to analyze the relations of affiliation with the Argentine and Uruguayan music, and possible cultural ties between the three countrie
Theoretical and Legal Bases of Artificial Intelligence Punishment System Development
Get PDFThe article discusses the problematic aspects of artificial intelligence technology application. The author\u27s classification of artificial intelligence types is proposed, depending on their material expression (artificial intelligence unit, artificial intelligence carrier and artificial intelligence). The study allowed us to form the theoretical and legal foundations of artificial intelligence punishment system development. The authors proposed the types of artificial intelligence punishments and described their essence. To such types of punishments, they include complete deactivation (destruction) of artificial intelligence; partial deactivation of artificial intelligence; confiscation of artificial intelligence in favor of the state;the prohibition of artificial intelligence use in certain fields of activity; the implementation of gratuitous activities by artificial intelligence in the interests of the state or society; provision of a convict status (unreliable) for artificial intelligence
Nemertesia irregularis
No full textNemertesia irregularis (Quelch, 1885) (Figs. 9, 10, 11; Table 4) Antennularia irregularis Quelch, 1885: 8–9, Pl. II fig. 4 (Not Antennularia irregularis Fraser, 1938 = Nemertesia fraseri Ramil & Vervoort, 1992) Antennularia antennina var. à longs articles: Billard, 1901: 71. Antennularia antennina var. longa Billard, 1904: 216; 1906b: 210, fig. 15B. Antennularia Perrieri var. antennoïdes Billard 1904: 217. Antennularia Perrieri var. antennoïdes; Billard, 1906b: 212; Arévalo & Carretero, 1906: 82, pl. 13 fig. 3; Fey, 1969: 404. Antennularia janini Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890: 259, pl. VI figs 9, 9A. (Not Nemertesia janini Lamouroux, 1816 = Nemertesia ramosa Lamouroux, 1816). Nemertesia antennina var. irregularis p. p.: Bedot, 1917: 42–43. Not Nemertesia irregularis: Ramil & Vervoort, 1992:170–173, fig. 48a; Medel & Vervoort, 1995: 52–56, figs 22, 23c [= Nemertesia perrieri (Billard, 1901)]. Nemertesia antennina: Ramil & Vervoort, 1992: 163–169, figs. 42A–R, 43A–H (part); Ansín Agís, 1998: 437–456, figs. 59A–F, 60A–F, 61A–E (part); Ansín Agís et al., 2001: 193–200, fig. 76–77 (part) [not Nemertesia antennina (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Material examined. MAURIT-0911, stn MUDR01, 16º08´24”N, 16º57´12”W, 488 m, 5-XII-2009: four colonies 13–22 mm high, one with male gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MUDR02, 16º08´50”N, 16º57´01”W, 462 m, 5-XII-2009: one colony, without gonothecae. MSM 16 /3, stn GeoB 14796–5, ROV, 20°14.823’N, 17°40.178’W, 613 m, 3-XI-2010: one colony 39 mm high, with male gonothecae. MSM 16 /3, stn GeoB 14871–2, 19°08.344’– 19°08.235’N, 16°45.849’– 16°45.664’W, 427–566 m, 9-XI-2010: two colonies 29 and 41 mm high, one colony with female gonothecae. MSM 16 /3, stn GeoB 14903–1, GKG, 17°32.853’N, 16°39.700’W, 414 m, 15-XI-2010: two colonies on Lophelia pertusa, one with male gonothecae. Biology. Gonothecae have been found between May and June [Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Ansín Agís et al. 2001, both as Nemertesia antennina (Linnaeus, 1758)]. In our material, the gonothecae were found in November and December. Some colonies were found growing on L. pertusa. Distribution. Nemertesia irregularis is principally known in the East Atlantic from Glénand Archipelago (Brittany, France) (Fey 1969, as N. perrieri var. antennoides), Santander (North Spain) (Arévalo & Carretero 1906, as A. perrieri var. antennoides), Azores (Ansín Agís et al. 2001, as N. antennina), Gulf of Cádiz (Billard 1906b, as Antennularia perrieri var. antennoïdes), various localities off the Atlantic coast of Morocco (Patriti 1970, as N. antennina var. irregularis; Ansín Agís et al. 2001, both as N. antennina), Canary Islands (Billard 1901, 1904, 1906b; Ansín Agís et al. 2001, as N. antennina), Cape Blanc, Mauritania (Ansín Agís et al. 2001, as N. antennina) and Cape Verde Islands (type locality) (Quelch 1885). The records of N. irregularis in Japanese waters (Stechow 1909, 1913b; Jäderholm, 1919) should be regarded with caution and need further confirmation. This species has been collected from depths of 12 to 2450 m (Ansín Agís et al. 2001). Our material was collected from 414 to 613 m depth. Description. Hydrorhiza formed by several stolonal tubules growing attached to L. pertusa corals and supporting monosiphonic and unbranched stems. Hydrocauli divided in internodes by transverse nodes, each one with 1–3 apophyses in the distal part and 1–3 nematothecae below the apophyses. This variability in the number of apophyses per internode is due to the different pattern of ramification along the stem. In the basal part, there is one apophysis per internode (fig. 11C), resulting in the hydrocladia being pinnately disposed and alternately directed left and right. Towards the middle of the stem, there are two apophyses per internode, resulting in opposite hydrocladia with decussate disposition. Finally, in the distal part of the colony, the disposition of apophyses is in verticils of three with decussate disposition, resulting in six rows of hydrocladia around the stem. Each apophysis has a pair of nematothecae at its base, one mamelon on the upper surface and one to seven distal nematothecae, including one, two or even three pairs of nematothecae beyond the mamelon; the number of distal nematothecae, together with the length of apophyses, increases along the stem from basal to distal part of the colony. First internode of hydrocladia short and ahydrothecate, separated from apophyses by an oblique node, carrying a single nematotheca in its proximal half and two perisarcal rings, one basal and one distal. Remaining hydrocladia composed of a succession of hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes separated by oblique nodes. Hydrothecate internodes with strongly oblique basal and almost straight distal nodes; ahydrothecate internodes reverse. Hydrothecate internode with one hydrotheca in mid-basal position and three nematothecae: one mesial inferior and two laterals. Hydrothecae small and cup-shaped; adcauline wall fully adnate, abcauline wall straight, hydrothecal aperture slightly tilted downwards, rim smooth with slight lateral undulation. Ahydrothecate internodes with one or two nematothecae, two being the most common number. All nematothecae bithalamic and movable. Hydrothecate internodes with one perisarcal ring at its base, whereas in ahydrothecate internodes, there are two, one basal and one distal. Female and male gonothecae borne on separate colonies, inserted on apophyses near the mamelon by a short pedicel; up to two gonothecae per apophyses may be present. Female gonotheca rounded, narrower in its distal part than at the base, aperture latero-distal, oval-shaped and closed by an operculum attached to the top of the aperture. Male gonotheca long, narrow and oval-shaped with terminal and circular aperture. Remarks. Nemertesia irregularis was described by Quelch (1885), and this author, in the original description, stated that N. irregularis is characterised by heteronomous segmentation of hydrocladia with ahydrothecate internodes provided with two nematothecae sometimes replaced by two small ahydrothecate internodes each one with one nematothecae, between two consecutive hydrothecate internodes. Billard (1904), in his description of N. perrieri, indicated the existence of ahydrothecate internodes with two nematothecae as the most frequent disposition, but the presence of two ahydrothecate internodes each one with one nematotheca was also described. On the basis of these descriptions, Ramil & Vervoort (1992) synonymised N. perrieri with N. irregularis and, at the same time, included the varieties of N. antennina and N. perrieri described by Billard (1901, 1904) within N. antennina. Nevertheless, Ansín Agís (1998), after review of the type material of N. irregularis and N. perrieri, stated that, in the former species, the number of nematothecae per ahydrothecate internode varies between one and two nematothecae, but there are always two in the latter species. In addition, in N. irregularis, the lateral nematothecae are clearly longer and show cauline nematothecae under the apophyses, which are lacking in N. perrieri. On the basis of these observations, Ansín Agís (1998) and Ansín Agís et al. (2001) reached the conclusion that N. perrieri is different from N. irregularis and represents a valid species, whereas N. irregularis was placed under the synonymy of N. antennina, together with the varieties described by Billard. The study of a large amount of Nemertesia material sampled along the Northwest African coast allowed us to verify the existence of morphological differences between male and female gonothecae in this species, which undoubtedly separate the material from N. antennina. In addition, we checked typical colonies of N. antennina collected from Galicia, and we found that the ahydrothecate internodes are always short and provided with only one nematotheca, lateral nematothecae are shorter, cauline nematothecae are absent under the apophyses and the apophyses have similar length all along the hydrocaulus. All these differences, together with the morphology of the male gonotheca, led us to the conclusion that Nemertesia irregularis (Quelch, 1885) is a valid and different species of N. antennina. Nemertesia antennina var. longa (Billard, 1904) and Nemertesia perrieri var. antennoides (Billard, 1904) should be placed in its synonymy but not within N. antennina. We also want to highlight that most of the deep-sea material included by Ramil & Vervoort (1992) and Ansín Agís et al. (2001) within N. antennina belong to N. irregularis. Our findings are consistent with those obtained by Moura et al. (2012) after molecular analyses of the genus Nemertesia in the East Atlantic and West Mediterranean, which suggests that the current concept of N. antennina includes a species complex. This could mean that N. antennina represents a shallow-water species replaced by N. irregularis in deep waters.Published as part of Gil, Marta, Ramil, Fran & Agís, José Ansín, 2020, Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Mauritanian Coral Mounds, pp. 412-466 in Zootaxa 4878 (3) on pages 446-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/442513
Diphasia margareta
No full textDiphasia margareta (Hassall, 1841) (Figs. 4–7; Table 3) ? Sertularia pinaster Ellis & Solander, 1786: 55 –56, pl. VI, fig. 13B [Not Sertularia pinaster Lepechin, 1783 = Thuiaria pinaster (Lepechin, 1783)]. ? Sertularia pinastrum: Cuvier, 1830: 301 (incorrect subsequent spelling). Sertularia margareta Hassall, 1841: 284, pl. VI, figs. 3 – 4. Diphasia pinaster: Hincks, 1868: 252 –253, pl. L, fig. 1; Cornelius, 1995: 50 –53, fig. 10. Diphasia elegans G.O. Sars, 1874: 107 –108, tab.III, figs. 23–26. Diphasia margareta: Cornelius, 1979: 263 –265, fig. 11; Ramil & Vervoort, 1992: 201 –210, figs.52, 53, 54, 55, 56C–E, 57A, 58. Not Diphasia pectinata: Vervoort, 1959: 255 –256, figs. 23–24 (= Diphasia africana n. sp.) [Not Diphasia pectinata (Lamarck, 1816) = Diphasia nigra (Pallas, 1766)]. Not Diphasia pinaster: Billard, 1907: 357 –358 (= Diphasia heurteli Billard, 1924). Material examined. Morocco. MAROC-0411, stn MO09, 35º29´34"– 35º32´40"N, 7º15´13"– 7º18´25"W, 1228– 1198 m, 16-XI-2004: two colonies 29 and 77 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO14, 35º31´08"–35º29´25"N, 6º27´51"–6º27´17"W, 720–724 m, 18-XI-2004: three colonies 18–25 mm high, one attached to Polyplumaria flabellata and other attached to Nemertesia ramosa, one with two male gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO33, 34º35´12"–35º00´44"N, 7º13´58"–7º15´16"W, 1248– 1236 m, 24-XI-2004: single colony 21 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO34, 35º10´11"–35º10´03"N, 6º32´35"–6º32´30"W, 762–763 m, 25-XI-2004: two colonies 41 and 69 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO35, 35º08´45"–35º06´45"N, 6º27´21"–6º27´11"W, 583–598 m, 25-XI-2004: single colony 60 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO43, 34º14´52"–34º16´40"N, 7º01´56"–7º01´26"W, 936– 929 m, 28-XI-2004: single colony 26 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO44, 34º20´09"–34º19´22"N, 7º07´11"–7º07´45"W, 1426– 1414 m, 28-XI-2004: single colony 86 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO48, 34º11´55"–34º11´22"N, 7º15´25"–7º17´21"W, 841–842 m, 29-XI-2004: single colony 119 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO63, 33º12´05"–33º10´18"N, 9º09´59"–9º09´30"W, 577–620 m, 5-XII-2004: one fragment 24 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO72, 31º32´56"–31º33´53"N, 10º08´07"–10º08´46"W, 516–553 m, 7-XII-2004: twenty one colonies 15–130 mm high, one colony attached to Acryptolaria conferta minor and other attached to a fishing line, three colonies with female gonothecae and one with male gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO74, 31º20´16"–31º18´35"N, 10º09´00"–10º09´13"W, 644–666 m, 8-XII-2004: single colony 23 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO78, 31º11´51"–31º11´49"N, 10º18´10"–10º16´07"W, 578– 500 m, 9-XII-2004: single colony 29 mm high, with male gonothecae. MAROC-0511, stn MO148, 27º52´56"–27º50´39"N, 13º26´43"–13º28´15"W, 704–744 m, 1-XII-2005: three colonies 54–82 mm high, no gonothecae. Western Sahara. MAROC-0611, stn MO189, 21º09´04"– 21º12´24"N, 17º42´06"– 17º42´18"W, 564– 556 m, 14-XI-2006: four colonies 16–80 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO201, 21º39´26"–21º42´13"N, 17º33´09"–17º31´25"W, 736– 734 m, 18-XI-2006: single colony 30 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO205, 21º50´30"–21º53´17"N, 17º26´12"–17º24´20"W, 311–358 m, 19-XI-2006: two colonies 30 and 102 mm high, one colony with female gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO213, 22º08´22"–22º10´10"N, 17º32´33"– 17º30´09"W, 919– 893 m, 21-XI-2006: single colony 82 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO214, 22º05´32"–22º08´22"N, 17º27´32"–17º26´20"W, 596– 583 m, 21-XI-2006: single colony 34 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO222, 22º39´35"–22º43´05"N, 17º13´19"–17º12´35"W, 410–414 m, 23-XI-2006: two colonies 22 and 41 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO225, 22º43´25"–22º45´24"N, 17º16´13"–17º13´24"W, 698– 604 m, 24-XI-2006: two colonies 20 and 39 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO253, 23º50´31"–23º54´19"N, 16º50´27"–16º48´34"W, 463– 459 m, 3-XII-2006: single colony 73 mm high, no gonothecae. Mauritania. MAURIT-0811, stn MU128, 16º33´15"– 16º31´09"N, 16º48´07" –16º48´27"W, 218–404 m, 1- XII-2008: four colonies 49–143 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU130, 16º44´31"–16º47´12"N, 16º46´48"–16º47´01"W, 252–362 m, 2-XII-2008: single colony 109 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU131, 17º00´55"–17º03´33"N, 16º43´21"–16º41´50"W, 102–104 m, 2-XII-2008: seven colonies 56–187 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU142, 18º09´13"–18º12´29"N, 16º28´17"–16º28´34"W, 109–112 m, 5-XII-2008: single colony 77 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU145, 18º26´47"–18º29´45"N, 16º36´14"–16º36´42"W, 232– 230 m, 5-XII-2008: single colony 38 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU147, 18º41´01–18º38´04"N, 16º34´31"–16º33´14"W, 134–139 m, 6-XII-2008: single colony 75 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU148, 18º42´02"–18º39´56"N, 16º36´28"–16º38´29"W, 215–245 m, 6-XII-2008: single colony 96 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU151, 18º49´50"–18º52´17"N, 16º38´03"–16º39´59"W, 110–134 m, 7-XII-2008: seven colonies 62–132 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU152, 18º50´25"–18º53´35"N, 16º48´58"–16º49´03"W, 381– 316 m, 7-XII-2008: single colony 65 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU159, 17º37´55"–17º41´01"N, 16º34´30"–16º34´24"W, 224–229 m, 9-XII-2008: single colony 46 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MU184, 19º29´44"–19º28´06"N, 17º01´19"–17º00´43"W, 213– 202 m, 18-XI-2009: two colonies, 125 and 130 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MUBV08, 20º44´50"–20º45´03"N, 17º38´47"–17º38´37"W, 174– 168 m, 26-XI-2009: three colonies 88–99 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MUBV14, 16º46´02"–16º45´49"N, 16º47´36"–16º47´33"W, 300– 281 m, 3-XII-2009: five colonies 15–18 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MU219, 16º12´13"–16º13´35"N, 16º50´28"–16º50´01"W, 125–129 m, 6-XII-2009: single colony 66 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MUBV19, 18º27´35"–18º27´22"N, 16º38´02"–16º37´58"W, 306 m, 11-XII-2009: nine colonies 21–130 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MUBV20, 18º28´16"–18º28´02"N, 16º32´37"–16º32´32"W, 155 m, 12-XII-2009: four colonies 83–115 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MU233, 18º44´26"–18º43´50"N, 16º37´12"–16º38´48"W, 165–189 m, 13-XII-2009: 64 colonies 49–275 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MU235, 19º01´34"–19º00´00"N, 16º41´55"–16º42´04"W, 123 m, 14-XII-2009: five colonies 65–145 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-1011, stn MU290, 18º16´53"–18º18´44"N, 16º35´23"–16º35´35"W, 311 m, 14-XII-2010: 21 colonies 22–131 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-1011, stn MUDR11, 19º38´25"N, 17º06´52"W, 322 m, 26-XI-2010: 64 colonies 23–54 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-1011, stn MUDR14, 19º36´53"N, 17º04´15"W, 243 m, 27-XI-2010: two colonies 50 mm high, no gonothecae. Cape Verde Islands. CCLME-2011, stn SL-6, 23º06´6"N, 15º51´88"W, 107 m, 11-VI-2011: one colony 18 mm high, no gonothecae. Guinea Bissau. BISSAU-0810, stn BS132, 11º31´33"N, 17º14´07"W, 23-X-2008: four colonies 39–60 mm high, three colonies attached to worm tubes, no gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS133, 11º29´17"–11º28´26"N, 17º15´14"–17º15´14"W, 733–734 m, 23-X-2008: seven colonies 29–63 mm high, one colony attached to a scleractinian coral, six colonies attached to worm tubes; no gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS134, 11º28´17"–11º29´11"N, 17º13´12"–17º13´22"W, 385– 374 m, 23-X-2008: three colonies 65–115 mm high, no gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS147, 11º08´35"–11º08´27"N, 17º11´31"–17º10´37"W, 306– 186 m, 26-X-2008: six colonies 44–83 mm high, no gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS152, 10º31´12"–10º30´19"N, 17º12´34"–17º12´32"W, 300–305 m, 27-X-2008: 223 colonies 15–119 mm high, 22 colonies attached to Lytocarpia myriophyllum, one colony attached to Nemertesia ventriculiformis one colony attached to Nemertesia sp., one colony attached to a worm tube; 37 colonies with female gonothecae and 25 colonies with male gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS157, 10º19´36"–10º18´44"N, 17º10´29"–17º10´12"W, 304–308 m, 28-X-2008: five colonies 45–78 mm high, two colonies attached to worm tubes, one colony with male gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS173, 10º04´52"–10º04´17"N, 16º34´12"–16º33´30"W, 278– 277 m, 31-X-2008: two colonies 67– 50 mm high, no gonothecae. Josephine Bank. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW37, 36º42.0´N, 14º17.7´W, 255–270 m, 4-X-1987: four colonies 32– 65 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW38, 36º41.5´N, 14º17.0´W, 235–245 m, 4-X-1987: five colonies 25–62 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn CP40, 36º38.6´N, 14º15.9´W, 215–221 m, 4-X-1987: three colonies 29–53 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW41, 36º40.1´N, 14º14.9´W, 200 m, 4-X-1987: single colony 84 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW60, 36º43.1´N, 14º17.3´W, 240–255 m, 7-X-1987: single colony 45 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW61, 36º40.2´N, 14º16.0´W, 200–205 m, 7-X-1987: single colony 37 mm high, no gonothecae. Gorringe Bank. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW06, 36º30.2´N, 11º37.9´W, 250 m, 22-IX-1987: two colonies 36–61 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn CP11, 36º26.4´N, 11º40.2´W, 805–830 m, 23-IX-1987: single colony 34 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW15, 36º33.4´N, 11º28.8´W, 300–330 m, 24-IX-1987: seven colonies 52–86 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DE20, 36º33.7´N, 11º30.1´W, 305–320 m, 24-IX-1987: six colonies 53–110 mm high, two colonies with male gonothecae, one colony with female gonothecae attached to Aglaophenia tubulifera. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW21, 36º34.9´N, 11º28.4´W, 460–480 m, 24-IX-1987: single colony 61 mm high, attached to Nemertesia sp., no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW34, 36º31.2´N, 11º32.2´W, 80–110 m, 3-X-1987: three colonies 50–93 mm high, no gonothecae. Ampère Bank. SEAMOUNT-1, stn CP93, 35º03.7´N, 12º54.0´W, 140–230 m, 11-X-1987: nine colonies 24– 64 mm high, one attached to Nemertesia perrieri, one with male gonothecae, one with female gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DE95, 35º04.6´N, 12º55.3´W, 197–210 m, 11-X-1987: single colony 63 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW97, 35º05.5´N, 12º54.1´W, 204–250 m, 12-X-1987: three colonies 28–51 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DE98, 35º03.2´N, 12º55.4´W, 300–325 m, 12-X-1987: ten colonies 34–63 mm high, one colony with male gonothecae, one with female gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn CP99, 35º03.8´N, 12º55.4´W, 225–280 m, 12-X-1987: 16 colonies 19–85 mm high, two colonies with female gonothecae and one with male gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn CP100, 35º03.6´N, 12º55.3´W, 182–207 m, 12-X-1987: twenty four colonies 15–84 mm high, one colony attached to Diphasia alata and two colonies attached to Aglaophenia tubulifera; six colonies with male gonothecae, four colonies with female gonothecae. Additional material. Norway. Møre og Romsdall, UMB Nr. 349, Prof. G.O. Sars, loc: Kristiansund (no further information provided in the label): two colonies 35–70 mm high, one of them attached to stone. Hordaland. UMB Nr.259, loc. Mosterhamn Bømlo, Jul. 1887 (no further information provided in the label): one colony 30 mm high, attached to stone. Hordaland, UMB Nr.301, Jul. 1887 (no further information provided in the label): two colonies 56–67 mm high, one with male gonothecae. Spain. Galicia, Bares, 43º46´19´´N, 7º40´11´´W, March. One colony 11 mm high, without gonothecae stranded on beach. Morocco. LMZ-109, BALGIM expedition, stn CP09, 36º47.6´N, 09º28´W, 1163 m, 29-V-1984: one slide with hydrocladia of 17 mm high. LMZ-111, BALGIM expedition, stn CP26, 36º45.5´N, 07º08.4´W, 392 m, 31-V-1984: two slides, one with a fragment of 7 mm high and the other with a fragment of 12 mm high from the basal part of the colony, both without gonothecae. Biology. This species was found on Sertularella cylindritheca (Vervoort 1959); Nemertesia sp.; Streptocaulus pulcherrimus Allman, 1883; bryozoans; worm tubes; shells; small stones; rooted in the sediment by the hydrorhiza and as an epibiont on big and old colonies of D. margareta (Medel & Vervoort 1988). Our material was growing on Acryptolaria conferta minor Ramil & Vervoort, 1992; Aglaophenia tubulifera (Hincks, 1861); Lytocarpia myriophyllum (Linnaeus, 1758); Nemertesia ventriculiformis (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890); Nemertesia sp.; D. alata; scleractinians; worms tubes and fishing lines. Fertile colonies were reported in March and May–September (Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Cornelius 1979, 1995; Medel & Vervoort 1988). We found colonies with gonothecae between September and December. Distribution. Diphasia margareta is widely distributed along the Northeastern Atlantic, from Norway to Guinea-Bissau, including the Mediterranean Sea (Ramil & Vervoort 1992). The species has also been reported in Azores, Selvagens, Canary and Cape Verde Islands (Medel & Vervoort 1998). The material identified as Diphasia pinaster (= D. margareta) from Mozambique by Billard (1907) was described later by the same author (Billard 1924) as a new species: Diphasia heurteli Billard, 1924. Stechow (1925) also reported the presence of D. margareta [as Nigelastrum (Diphasia) pinaster] in the Mozambique Channel; however, the origin of the data is unclear. We assume that his record is based on Billard (1907) because D. margareta was never found again in those waters. Our material comes from Norway, Galicia (Northwest Spain), Josephine, Gorringe and Ampère banks, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Cape Verde Islands and Guinea-Bissau. Its bathymetric range extends from 24 (Medel & Vervoort 1998) to 1318 m (Ramil & Vervoort 1992). The present material was collected between 80 and 1426 m. Description. Hydrorhiza composed of a network of perisarcal tubes adhering the colony to the substratum. Colonies composed of an erect and monosiphonic axis provided with pairs of opposite hydrothecae and lateral branches (hydrocladia), pinnately disposed and slightly directed to the frontal side of the colony. Axes are a little wider than the hydrocladia and may be divided into segments of different lengths by transverse nodes. Hydrocladia are inserted under an axial hydrotheca (fig. 4F) and separated, consecutively, by one and two pairs of hydrothecae; thus, between two consecutive hydrocladia on the same side, three hydrothecae are present. Hydrocladial hydrothecae disposed in subopposite pairs at the basal part but opposite distally. Hydrothecae tubular and located laterally on the axes and hydrocladia, adnate by one-third to half of the total length, and curved outwards. Free part of the adcauline wall long, straight or slightly concave distally, and usually with striae along its length; adnate part slightly concave. Abcauline wall with an internal perisarcal ledge of very variable development; beyond this ledge, the abcauline wall is curved upwards. Hydrothecal rim smooth, semicircular and closed by a single operculum attached to the adcauline sinus. Aperture of the hydrothecae directed upwards and almost perpendicular to the hydrocladia (figs. 4B, 5A). Female and male gonothecae borne on the axes or hydrocladia of different colonies under a pair of hydrothecae; female bigger than male. Female gonotheca pear-shaped with apical part rounded and narrowing basally. Gonothecal wall with four longitudinal ribs along almost its entire length; each rib with two to six welldeveloped spines on the distal part. Inner apical part of the gonotheca with a well-developed marsupium communicated with the proximal gonothecal cavity by a circular aperture; two lateral funnels originating from both sides of the marsupium reach the gonothecal wall and form a pair of lateral openings (figs. 4C, 5B, 6B). The larvae develop inside the marsupium and leave the gonothecae through these holes. Male gonothecae disposed perpendicular to the axis or hydrocladia. They are narrow at the base, widening towards the distal part, where they are quadrangular in the cross-section and provided with four spines, one at each corner, surrounding a central aperture located at the end of a conical elevation (figs. 4D–E, 5C–D, 6C). In both female and male gonothecae, the spines are very variable in morphology and length. Remarks. Diphasia margareta is currently considered a highly variable species characterized by the morphology of its gonothecae: the female provided with four external longitudinal ridges with a variable number of spines on each ridge and the male, quadrangular in the cross-section with one distal spine on each corner, surrounding a central aperture located at end of a conical elevation. Its variations were described in detail by Ramil & Vervoort (1992) and arranged in four major groups. All material studied by us is consistent with the second group: a more tubular hydrothecae provided with striae on the lateral walls and the female gonothecae showing always well-developed longitudinal ridges, each with spines oscillating between two and six. We found the same degree of variation described by Ramil & Vervoort (1992) in the materials studied in this report, and, therefore, we included it in D. margareta. The nomenclature of the species was the subject of extensive discussions, and several names were proposed for it during the last century. Diphasia margareta was described by Hassall (1841) after collecting colonies from Ireland. In the original description, Hassall (1841) pointed out the resemblance of D. margareta with Sertularia pinaster Ellis & Solander, 1786; but differences in the morphology of the gonothecae led him to consider it a different species. It should be noted that the gonothecae described by Ellis & Solander (1786) were female and those described by Hassall (1841) were male. Hincks (1868) concluded that D. margareta is the female colony of S. pinaster and included it as its synonym. Hincks’s opinion was widely shared in the 20th century (references in Medel & Vervoort 1998: 15–16). Nevertheless, Vervoort (1959) indicated that Sertularia pinaster Ellis & Solander, 1786 is an invalid junior homonym of Sertularia pinaster Lepechin, 1781 [= Thuiaria pinaster (Lepechin, 1781)] and included the Ellis & Solander species under the name Diphasia pectinata (Lamarck, 1816), which was considered by Bedot (1901: 442, 503) as a synonym of D. pinaster and, consequently, the first available name for D. margareta. However, the holotype of D. pectinata was reviewed by Billard (1907) and later by Cornelius (1979), and both concurred that this material is referable to Diphasia nigra (Pallas, 1766). Cornelius (1979) proposed the earliest available name for this species: Diphasia margareta (Hassall, 1841). This proposition was followed virtually by all later authors but not by Cornelius (1995); he used the combination “ Diphasia pinaster sensu Hincks, 1868,” which is not recognized under provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Finally, Schuchert (2012), for the sake of nomenclatural stability, proposed Diphasia margareta (Hassall, 1841) as a valid name, considering Sertularia pinaster Ellis & Solander, 1786 as a questionable synonym of D. margareta; we share his opinion. The name Sertularia pinastrum Cuvier, 1830 was regarded as a new name for Sertularia pinaster Ellis & Solander, 1786 (Cornelius 1979, 1995; Schuchert 2012); however, it in fact only represents an incorrect subsequent spelling of Sertularia pinaster (see Cuvier 1830: 301, footnote 5) and, therefore, it is not an available name. Material examined. Western Sahara. CCLME-1110, stn BT205, 25º10´01"– 25º11´17"N, 14º51´53"– 14º52´07"W, 43–45 m, 27-XI-2011: three colonies 43–130 mm high, two with male gonothecae and one with female gonothecae. One colony 110 mm high with male gonothecae is the holotype (MNCN 2.03/677); remaining colonies are paratypes (MNCN 2.03/678; LZM-04473). CCLME-1110, stn BT199, 24º52´21"–24º50´43"N, 14º58´20"–14º58´03"W, 30–31 m, 26-XI-2011: single colony 110 mm high, with male gonothecae; paratype (CFM-IEOMA-6215). CCLME-1110, stn BT208, 25º49´42"–25º49´04"N, 15º27´28"–15º29´07"W, 350–355 m, 27-XI-2011: two colonies 80–120 mm high, with male gonothecae; paratypes (MNHN-IK- 2014-2197, LZM-02003). CCLME-1110, stn BT213, 26º15´53"–26º14´42"N, 14º50´21"–14º51´30"W, 371– 363 m, 28-XI-2011: single colony 85 mm high, with male gonothecae; paratype (RMNH.COEL.42266). Etymology. The specific name leonisae was chosen as a tribute to Mrs. Leonisa González, grandmother of the first author. Biology. The material was collected from muddy bottoms. All fertile colonies were recorded in November. Distribution. This species was recorded in only four localities off Western Sahara between 30 and 371 m. Description. Hydrorhiza formed by a bundle of intertwining tubules adhering to soft sediments and supporting an erect and branched axis. Main axis monosiphonic, with sympodial growth and the subsidiary branches directed alternatively right and left, resulting in a scorpioid sympodium; thus, the main (or “false”) axis is composed of the basal parts of the successive branches (fig. 8A). Each branch originates from the preceding one and arises frontally between a pair of axial hydrothecae, starting at a short internode carrying a pair of hydrothecae. Rest of the branch composed of internodes of quite different lengths separated by transverse nodes more conspicuous in the distal part. The internodes support a variable number of hydrothecal pairs disposed strictly opposed in both the axis and branches. The hydrocladia, inserted under a pair of hydrothecae, are long and pinnately arranged in the same plane as the “false axis” or branches. One and two pairs of axial hydrothecae between two successive hydrocladia, resulting in the separation of three pairs of hydrothecae between the hydrocladia on the same side (fig. 9B). In some colonies, we observed
Determining Bernoulli’s Principles in Basket Weaving of Manobo Tribesmen in Southern Philippines
Get PDFThe author determines the Bernoulli’s Principles behind the Indigenous Knowledge System and Practices (IKSP) of Manobo Dulangan in Sultan Kudarat and Erumanen Manuvu of Cotabato Province in their craft arts particularly in their bamboo weaving. Ethnographic research, whose main instruments are keen observation of these two (2) major Indigenous Cultural Communities ICC’s) mostly coming from Central Mindanao in Sultan Kudarat and Cotabato province, through the National Culture in Indigenous People (NCIP)-Certificate of Compliance (CoCs), where randomly selected Manobo master weavers executed their masterpiece in bamboo’s weaving with archaeological concepts. The results that all fish scooping baskets of Manobos applied the mathematical concepts of Bernoulli’s Principle like Area one (A1) is larger than Area two(A2) (A1<<A2) or vice versa, directly proportional to the Pressure(P) and the Volume(V) of the water(fresh/salt) going inside the baskets. The Net Force (Fnet) of the water going inside the baskets somewhat affects the fish caught by the Manobos as they use this as the main livelihood in their respective communities. More fishes are caught as well. Further, the geometric designs of the weaving patterns of the fish scooping baskets are also directly connected to the main variables of the Bernoulli’s Principles. Finally, the integration of the results in science education is highly recommended
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