1,720,981 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Study of the dysfunction of the somatosensory cortical network during epileptogenesis in an absence-epilepsy model
No full textLe cerveau est composé de nombreux neurones interconnectés qui forment des réseaux assurant des fonctions complexes. Les épilepsies sont caractérisées par des crises récurrentes associées à une hypersynchronisation et une hyperexcitabilité de réseaux neuronaux spécifiques. Ces réseaux ont été peu étudiés durant l’épileptogenèse, période de mise en place de l’épilepsie, en particulier dans les épilepsies idiopathiques. Parmi celles-ci, l’épilepsie-absence (EA) se traduit chez l’enfant par des crises caractérisées par la présence sur l’électroencéphalogramme de décharges de pointe-ondes (DPO) initiées au sein d’une zone restreinte du cortex. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que le développement de ces réseaux corticaux est altéré favorisant ainsi l’apparition d’un circuit épileptique. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons utilisé le rat GAERS (Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat from Strasbourg) dans lequel les DPO sont initiées dans la partie du cortex somatosensoriel qui reçoit l’information sensorielle relative aux vibrisses (wS1). Elles apparaissent vers le 25ème jour post natal (P25) et sont précédées par des oscillations anormales observables à partir de P15 définissant ainsi la période d’épileptogenèse entre P15 et P30.Nous avons tout d’abord étudié la mise en place du circuit épileptique au sein du cortex wS1 chez le GAERS. En utilisant des enregistrements électrophysiologiques in vivo de potentiels de champ locaux et d’activités multiunitaires, nous avons montré qu’à P15, l’initiation des oscillations anormales s’accompagne d’un dipôle d’activité uniquement au sein des couches L5/6 du cortex wS1. A P30, l’activité épileptique se traduit par une co-activation des couches L2/3 et L5/6. Ces résultats suggèrent une construction progressive du circuit épileptique au sein des couches du cortex wS1.Nous avons ensuite recherché si la fonction physiologique du cortex wS1 était altérée par le développement de l’EA. Nous avons réalisé des stimulations des vibrisses et analysé le traitement de l’information sensorielle dans les différentes couches du cortex wS1 ainsi que dans le noyau ventral postéromédial (VPM) et le noyau postéromédial (POM) du thalamus. Les réponses multiunitaires évoquées étaient plus faibles chez les rats GAERS à P15 et à P30 dans le cortex wS1. Ces réponses étaient au contraire plus fortes chez les rats GAERS à P15 dans le VPM et à P30 dans le POM. Ces résultats suggèrent que la fonctionnalité du circuit sensoriel des vibrisses chez le GAERS est altérée pendant la période d’épileptogenèse.Afin de déterminer l’impact de ce dysfonctionnement sur l'intégration sensorielle, nous avons étudié le comportement des ratons par le test du Gap Crossing, dépendant de l’état de fonctionnement du cortex wS1. Dans ce test, les performances des GAERS étaient altérées à P15 et, dans une moindre mesure, à P30. La modification du traitement de l’information sensorielle dans le circuit thalamo-cortical pendant l’épileptogenèse impacte le comportement du rat GAERS.Nous avons recherché les mécanismes neuronaux à l’origine des dysfonctionnements du cortex wS1 et particulièrement étudié sa connectivité intracorticale. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse qu’il existe des modifications des forces de projections synaptiques dans le cortex wS1 chez le GAERS pendant l’épileptogenèse. Grâce à la technique de Laser Scanning Photostimulation, nous avons mis en évidence que les projections excitatrices L5 vers L2/3 ainsi que les projections inhibitrices de toutes les couches vers L2/3 étaient plus faibles à P15 chez les rats GAERS. A l’inverse, à P30 les connexions excitatrices entre les cellules de L2/3 et de L5 vers L2/3 étaient plus fortes. De plus la connexion inhibitrice de L5 vers L2/3 était aussi renforcée à cet âge chez les GAERS.L’ensemble de nos résultats montrent un développement anormal du wS1 chez le GAERS, pendant l’épileptogenèse. Cette anomalie pourrait prédisposer à l’émergence des activités paroxystiques caractéristiques de l’EA.The brain is composed of many interconnected neurons organized in networks that perform complex functions. Epilepsies are characterized by recurrent seizures associated with hypersynchronization and hyperexcitability of specific neuronal networks. These networks have been rarely studied during epileptogenesis (process that leads to epilepsy), in particular in idiopathic epilepsies. Among these, absence-epilepsy (AE) in children is characterized by seizures associated with spike-and-wave discharges (SWD) on the electroencephalogram that are initiated within a restricted area of the cortex. We hypothesized that the development of these cortical networks is altered, which promotes the emergence of an epileptic circuit. To test this hypothesis, we used the GAERS (Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat from Strasbourg) in which SWDs are initiated in the whisker-related part of the primary somatosensory cortex (wS1). They first occur around the 25th postnatal day (P25) and are preceded by the emergence of abnormal oscillatory cortical discharges as of P15, suggesting that P15 and P30 is a critical period of epileptogenesis in this model.We first studied the building up of the epileptic circuit across the wS1 cortex in GAERS. Using in vivo electrophysiological recordings of local field potentials and multi-unit activities, we showed that the initiation of abnormal oscillations at P15 is associated with a dipole of activity within the L5 / 6 layers of the wS1 cortex. In contrast, at P30, epileptic activity results in the co-activation of the L2 / 3 and L5 / 6 layers. These results suggest a progressive building up of the epileptic circuit within the layers of the wS1 cortex.We then investigated whether the physiological function of the wS1 cortex was altered by the development of AE. We performed whisker stimulation and analyzed the processing of sensory information in the different layers of the wS1 cortex as well as in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) and the posteromedial nucleus (POM) of thalamus. The evoked multiunit responses were lower in GAERS rats at P15 and P30 in the wS1 cortex. In contrast, these responses were stronger in GAERS rats at P15 in VPM and at P30 in POM. These results show that the functionality of the sensory circuit of the whiskers in GAERS is altered during epileptogenesis.To determine the impact of this dysfunction on sensory integration, we studied the behavior of pups using the Gap Crossing task, that is dependent of the functioning of the wS1 cortex. In this task, GAERS performance was impaired at P15 and, to a lesser extent, at P30. Thus, the alteration in the processing of sensory information observed within the thalamo-cortical circuit during epileptogenesis impacts the behavior of the GAERS rat.We investigated the neuronal mechanisms at the origin of the dysfunctions of the wS1 cortex and particularly its intracortical connectivity. We hypothesized that there are changes in strength of synaptic projections in the wS1 cortex in GAERS during epileptogenesis. Using the Laser Scanning Photostimulation technique, we demonstrated that the excitatory projections L5 to L2 / 3 as well as the inhibitory projections of all the layers to L2 / 3 were lower at P15 in the GAERS rats. In contrast, at P30, the excitatory connections between L2 / 3 cells as well as L5 to L2 / 3 were stronger. In addition, the inhibitory L5 to L2 / 3 connection was also reinforced at this age in GAERS.Thus, all of our results show an abnormal development of the wS1 in GAERS, during the epileptogenesis. This may predispose to the emergence of paroxysmal activities typical of AE
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