1,720,967 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Study of depolymerization processes of oligosaccharides from hemicelluloses in a biorefinery
No full textLa biomasse lignocellulosique est composée d’hémicelluloses à hauteur de 30%. Les hémicelluloses sont elles-mêmes composées de saccharides, qui sont de véritables plateformes chimiques car ils peuvent être dérivés en de nombreux produits différents dont l’intérêt porté à leur égard est grandissant. Dans le cadre d’une bioraffinerie papetière, les hémicelluloses ont été solubilisées sous forme de monosaccharides et d’oligosaccharides via une étape d’autohydrolyse. Des traitements d’hydrolyse secondaire acide et enzymatique ont ensuite été appliqués à l’hydrolysat dans différentes conditions afin d’hydrolyser un maximum d’oligosaccharides en monosaccharides dans le premier cas, et un maximum de xylanes en xyloses dans le second cas. Ces traitements ont été optimisés pour permettre une application à un pilote industriel.Lignocellulosic biomass is made of 30% of hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses are themselves made of saccharides that are true platform chemicals due to their ability to be transformed into many different products. Within the context of a biorefinery, hemicelluloses were solubilized as monosaccharides and oligosaccharides after a water pre-hydrolysis treatment. Secondary acid and enzymatic hydrolysis treatments were further applied to the obtained hydrolysate to depolymerize as much oligosaccharides as possible to monosaccharides (acid hydrolysis) and to depolymerize as much as xylans as possible to xyloses (enzymatic hydrolysis). Treatments were optimized to pilot scale
Mécanismes neurocognitifs sousjacents à la transmission d'informations incertaines chez l'humain
No full textLes décisions d'acquérir et de partager des informations sont d'une importance capitale dans les sociétés modernes. Pourtant, les mécanismes qui sous-tendent ces décisions restent flous. L'acquisition de nouvelles informations permet de mettre à jour ses croyances. Le partage de l'information nécessite de déduire si cette information a suffisamment de valeur pour les autres en termes de mise à jour des croyances. Ces essais étudient pourquoi les gens recherchent des informations lorsqu'elles n'ont aucune valeur instrumentale, et comment les individus infèrent les préférences des autres en matière de recherche d'informations. En combinant l'économie comportementale et la neuro-imagerie basée sur des modèles, nous avons étudié les mécanismes et les calculs cérébraux engagés dans les décisions de recevoir des informations, d'une part, et d'en envoyer, d'autre part. Une première étude a exploré a) comment les individus évaluent la véracité des informations vraies et fausses ("fake news") et b) le rôle de la confiance d'une personne dans la décision d'acquérir des informations supplémentaires. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que la confiance que les individus accordent à leur estimation de la véracité des informations n'est pas fiable. Malgré une métacognition aussi faible, nous nous attendions à ce que la confiance détermine le comportement de recherche d'informations. Dans un environnement contrôlé, les participants ont été interrogés sur leur niveau de confiance quant à la véracité de diverses informations avant de déclarer leur volonté de recevoir ou non des informations supplémentaires. Les principaux résultats ont montré que la métacognition des participants n'était pas calibrée pour évaluer l'information avec précision, mais qu'elle déterminait le désir d'acquérir des informations supplémentaires, démontrant ainsi un rôle clé de la surveillance métacognitive. Dans une deuxième étude, nous l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle pour explorer la manière dont les individus infèrent les préférences des autres en matière d'information ainsi que les bases neurocomputationnelles sous-jacentes. Nous avons testé un modèle bayésien dans lequel les individus pondéraient leurs croyances sur la véracité des informations, la préférence simulée de la population et la distance sociale de l'agent cible. Les participants jouaient le rôle d’émetteurs. Ils étaient récompensés pour s'aligner sur le choix de réception de récepteurs en choisissant de leur fournir ou non des informations supplémentaires. Les résultats ont montré que les émetteurs intégraient initialement des croyances sur la probabilité de véracité et des prieurs sur les croyances des récepteurs, surestimant les préférences des récepteurs pour l'information. Lorsqu'ils recevaient un indice sur les croyances des récepteurs concernant le contenu de l'information, les émetteurs modifiaient leur comportement pour privilégier leurs croyances sur les croyances des récepteurs. Nous avons montré que les croyances associées à la probabilité de la véracité d’une information étaient corrélées positivement avec le cortex préfrontal médian ventral, le striatum bilatéral et le cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral. Les croyances associées aux croyances des récepteurs ont déclenché une augmentation du signal dans la jonction temporo-pariétale bilatérale. Ces résultats révèlent les systèmes cérébraux engagés dans la mise à jour des croyances sur les préférences des autres pour acquérir des informations supplémentaires sur les nouvelles.The decisions to acquire and share information are of key importance in modern societies. Yet, the mechanisms underlying these decisions remain unclear. Acquiring new information helps update one’s beliefs. Sharing information requires inferring whether this information is sufficiently valuable for others in terms of belief updating. These essays study why people seek information when it has no instrumental value, and how individuals infer others’ information-seeking preferences. Combining behavioral economics and neuroimaging (model-based fMRI), we investigated the mechanisms and brain computations engaged in the decisions to Receive News, on one hand, and Sending news, on the other. A first study explored a) how individuals evaluate the veracity of true and false information (“fake news”) and b) the role of one’s confidence in the decision to acquire extra information. We hypothesized that the confidence individuals hold about their estimation of information truthfulness is unreliable. Despite such a low metacognition, we expected that confidence drives information-seeking behavior. In a controlled environment, participants were asked their confidence levels about the truthfulness of various news before reporting their willingness to receive or not extra information. The main findings showed that participants’ metacognition was not calibrated to assess information accurately, but it determined the desire to acquire extra information, demonstrating a key role of metacognitive monitoring. A second study used fMRI to explore how individuals infer others’ preferences for information and the underlying neurocomputational bases. We tested a Bayesian model in which individuals weighed beliefs about information truthfulness, the simulated population preference and the target agent’s social distance. Participants were rewarded for matching the reception choice of other participants by choosing whether to provide them or not with extra information. The results showed that senders initially integrated beliefs about truthfulness probability and priors on receivers’ beliefs, overestimating the receivers’ preferences for information. When informed on the receivers’ social distance to political organizations that were related to the information content, senders shifted their weight in favor of their beliefs about the latter. We showed that beliefs associated with truthfulness probability correlated positively with the Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex, bilateral Striatum and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. Beliefs associated with the distance elicited brain activity within the bilateral Temporo-Parietal Junction. These results reveal the brain systems engaged in updating one’s beliefs about others’ preferences for acquiring extra information about news
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