1,720,964 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
One long image: a new approach to the creation and archiving of digital motion picture data
No full textVariations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Photographic film and its interaction with light : detection of dust and scratches for image restoration
Get PDFA considerable portion of the cultural heritage of the last century is constituted by images impressed on photographic film, the majority of which are frames of motion picture films.
At present time, a large part of this heritage is at risk of being lost; this loss would break historical links, which are important for the economic, social and cultural development of future generations. The current ''digital revolution' has already produced drastic changes in image production technology, and 'classical photography' is disappearing; this leaves the field open for new powerful technical opportunities, but, at the same time, poses huge dilemmas for long-term archiving. The demise of classical photography is taking place in a precipitous and often ruinous way, causing several historied companies to go bankrupt.
Today's information society needs efficient and economic solutions for the digitization of this photographic heritage. The costs of the processes determine the amount of films that can be digitized, restored and made available to the community.
Research about digital movie restoration began around 1990, when it became possible to scan movie films in 2K resolution, thus providing high enough quality for the digitized images of a 35mm movie film. In recent years, several research projects about digital movie restoration have been undertaken. The research-project AURORA concentrated on the real-time restoration of image defects, which are typical for old videotapes; the main partners were the INA (Institut National d'Audiovisuelle, Paris), BBC-London and Snell & Wilcox, UK. PRESTO (Preservation Technology for European Archives) and the subsequent project PRESTOSPACE, within European Commission 6th Framework Programme for Research, provided technical solutions and integrated systems for a complete digital preservation of all kinds of audiovisual collections.
Audiovisual archiving is a complex and multi-disciplinary domain including such diverse fields as chemistry, physics, imaging technology, signal processing, robotics, artificial intelligence and semantic interpretation. These EU-projects bring together participants including archive owners, broadcasters, research centers from archive institutions, general research centers and universities, industries, and international non-profit institutions.
An important result of the movie restoration research is the development of new software: e.g. FRAME and its further development DIAMANT. Several early movies were reconstructed using DIAMANT, the most famous being Metropolis in 2001. LIMELIGHT was a software project that was further developed by the University of La Rochelle to become RETOUCHE.
In the period of 2010-2013, the Swiss National Science Foundation financed the project 'Dust BW: Detection of dust and scratches on photographic silver-halide (black/white) material by polarized dark-field illumination'. Partner of the project were the Imaging & Media Lab of the University of Basel and the Audiovisual Communications Laboratory School of the EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne). The present thesis reports the results of this research project.
Several factors are responsible for the deterioration of photographic material; we will only focus on dust and scratches. Different methods have been adopted up to now for the automatic detection of dust and scratches; each method has pros and cons, and a limited field of effectiveness. Infrared radiation (e.g. Digital ICE) and the spatio-temporal image analysis are among the most effective methods, although they have their limits. The infrared radiation only works for dye-based material and the spatio-temporal image analysis is not applicable for still images. The spatio-temporal image analysis is also limited due to motion in the scene and it is not effective for defects appearing in sequences spanning more than one frame (e.g. vertical scratches and lens dust). This thesis presents a comprehensive range of methods for optical flaw detection, applicable on any type of photographic film (both silver-based and dye-based material, as well as still images and moving images). It also presents innovative methods that combine different optical techniques and computational photography.
This thesis begins by describing the structure of a processed photographic film, analyzing its constitutive elements layer by layer. Afterwards, we will provide a list of the most common types of decay affecting the photographic film, classified on the basis of the layer that is primarily affected. This will be followed by a summary of the state-of-the-art strategies and solutions for the restoration of local flaws. The successive analysis of the interaction between light and photographic film provides the scientific framework needed to understand the optical phenomena involved in the experiments. The following chapter explains the phenomena and the techniques involved in imaging photographic film. A specific chapter surveys the optical methods available for flaw detection on any type of photographic transparency, including innovative solutions. The successive chapter defines the procedure we adopted for the numerical evaluation of the performances of the methods analyzed in the experiments. Prior to the conclusions, the thesis finally addresses the experimental analysis, identifying the best parameters for the proposed methods and comparing the innovative methods with the most effective traditional ones
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Chromatic Divide: von der Farbigwerdung medialer Repräsentation am Beispiel der Fotografie
Get PDFVor der digitalen Revolution war Farbe noch selten, kostbar und nicht alltäglich. Chromatic Divide beschreibt, wie die medialisierten Bilder in einem langsamen und genrespezifischen Wandel immer farbiger wurden. Die Betrachtung setzt im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert ein und zeigt, wie sich die Farbfotografie im Konkurrenzkampf mit anderen bunten und unbunten Vervielfältigungstechniken schrittweise etablierte. Erst mit der Digitalisierung der Druckvorstufe und dem Überhandnehmen der Bildschirmmedien wird Farbe ubiquitär.
Diese Arbeit betrachtet Farbe als technisch-kulturelles Artefakt und als ästhetisches Moment in seiner industriell-kommerziellen Rahmung. Obwohl die Art der Bildgestaltung mit Lithographien oder mit Gemälden der Moderne verglichen werden, geht es hier nicht um eine kunstwissenschaftliche Stilstudie. Es geht vielmehr um die Performanz der Farbe im massenmedialen Kontext. Der erste Teil, Farbe als Substanz, wirft einen Blick auf die Machart der Bilder und fragt nach der normierenden Kraft der massenproduzierten Farbmoleküle.
Die kostspielige Farbreproduktion erforderte hohe Investitionen und setzte hohe Auflagen voraus. Aber mit welchen Bildinhalten konnten so hohe Absätze generiert werden? Die instrumentelle Verwendung der Farbe wird am Beispiel des National Geographic Magazine von 1940 bis 2010 untersucht. Besonders interessant ist die Übergangsphase, in welcher Farbe zunächst nur selten und dann immer öfter verwendet wurde. Die Intentionalität der Verwendung wird deutlich, wenn man schaut, welche Bilder in Schwarzweiss und welche in Farbe gedruckt wurden. Der Diskurs der Farbe wird aber nicht vom Kommerz alleine gesteuert. Wie sich am National Geographic zeigen lässt, muss auch die typische Kodachrome-Farbästhetik den gesellschaftspolitischen Wandel abbilden und nimmt mit der einsetzenden Naturschutzdebatte eine dramatischen Wende
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