1,721,004 research outputs found
Maillages administratifs officiels et identités territoriales officieuses : les échelons spatiaux de la différenciation identitaire en Roumanie
No full textOctavian Groza starts from the idea that simply by virtue of being at work, structures of territorial control can reduce territorial identity to mere identity discourses, which gain in importance what they lose in meaning. Arguing that such processes are at work today in Romania on the regional and departmental levels, the author underlines some mechanisms tending to dissolve territorial identities into identity discourses, which are then reduced to transient and preconceived territorial forms. According to the author, the idea of European identity is also caught in this meaning-destroying process
Système de villes et niveaux d’identification territoriale en Roumanie
No full textThe author focuses on the role played by the Rumanian urban system in the emergence of modern behaviours – at individual, collective and/or community levels – as well as on the role played by changing territorial organizations. His analysis refers explicitly to the post-modern paradigm, when he suggests that the obstacles to development which have become apparent in Romania are due to a weak acceptance of the value of otherness
Les villes interstitielles de Roumanie
No full textLe système urbain roumain este relativement neuf, créé par plusieurs vagues d’urbanisation. Les critères pour la nomination des villes et des municipalités sont objectifs mais la désignation des localités est souvent subjective, en existant des villes rurales et des communes urbaines. Le terme interstitiel n’existe pas dans l’urbanisme et dans l’aménagement du territoire qu’à une micro-échelle. L’intérêt d’étudier ce type de villes réside dans le fait que, par leur nature périphérique, elles ne sont pas visibles dans le champ scientifique (roumain, au moins). Le choix de l’interstitiel est motivé par la ressemblance avec l’interstitiel défini en architecture. Pourquoi « villes interstitielles » et pas « villes intermédiaires »?• Intermédiaire = état dans une hiérarchie, une situation entre deux états, avec une connotation plutôt positive, certains auteurs insistant même que c’est une position privilégiée, de nœud territorial (Nadou, 2010). • Interstitiel = extension dans le territoire de la définition donnée par l’urbaniste: position spatiale périphérique, insignifiance, désordre, état négatif des choses. Théoriquement, les espaces polarisés par les grandes villes sont plus attractifs que les autres. Est-ce la réalité? Que se passe-t-il dans les espaces qui ne sont pas polarisés ? L’instrument approprié pour déterminer les aires d’influence est le modèle de Huff. C’est le modèle théorique utilisé pour analyser les espaces interstitiels, à plusieurs niveaux, à partir des métropoles régionales jusqu’aux chefs-lieux de département. Ce modèle est basé sur l’attraction en fonction de la masse (fonctions, services) des villes et calcule les limites d’influence en définissant une probabilité de relation qui est le rapport entre l’influence d’un centre et l’influence de l’ensemble des centres: Pij = Fji / ∑(Fki) (la probabilité pour qu’un habitant du point i aille au point j est égale à la force d’attraction du point j à la somme des forces d’attraction de tous les centres 1..k..n).Après la détermination théorique des aires interstitielles, une méthode rélévante est l’anayse critique du PATN (Plan d’aménagement du territoire national) – Le réseau de localités, contient une série de critères dans la section Les principaux indicateurs quantitatifs et qualitatifs minimaux de définition des localités urbaines, que les municipalités et les villes doivent accomplir en vue de préserver leur statut administratif. En nombre de cas ces critères ne sont pas respectés et les cartes réalisés le prouve, sur la base des données statistiques fournies par les récensements et d’autres bases de données (INSSE, Ministères, Préfectures, Mairies). C’est ainsi qu’on a analysé huit critères, du point de vue statistique, des dix-sept existant. On n’a pas analysé tous les critères soit à cause de leur corrélation, l’un déterminant l’autre (par conséquent, un seul étant analysé), soit à cause du manque des données. Les cartes réalisées reflètent la situation des villes roumaines.Une méthode pour synthétiser les résultats et pour réaliser une typologie des établissements urbains roumains consisté dans la somme des rangs. Cette méthode consiste dans l’attribution d’un rang pour chaque unité administrative, pour chaque critère analysé. Le problème soulevé consiste dans l’hétérogénéité des données, à cause des années differentes de provenence; un autre problème consiste dans le manque des données statistiques, pour pouvoir analyser tous les critères. Ce travail démontre le fait qu’une partie des petites villes, même si elles ont une bonne accessibilité et sont de proximité avec les grandes villes, sont plus vulnérables et susceptibles d’être des villes interstitielles. Notre travail peut être continué par l’analyse des indicateurs restants et par l’intermédiaire d’autres méthodes statistiques (la classification ascendente hiérarchique, l’analyse en composantes principales).The Romanian urban system is relatively new, created by several waves of urbanization. The criteria for the appointment of cities and municipalities are objective but the designation of localities is often subjective, existing rural towns and urban communes. The term interstitial does not exist in urban planning and land use as a micro-scale.The interest in studying this type of cities lies in the fact that, by their nature device, they are not visible in the scientific field (Romanian, at least). The choice of interstitial is motivated by the resemblance to the interstitial defined architecture. Why "interstitial cities" and not "intermediate cities"?• Intermediate = status in a hierarchy, a situation between two states, with a positive connotation rather, some authors even insisting that it is a privileged position, territorial node (Nadou, 2010).• Interstitial = extension in the territory of the definition given by the planner: spatial position device, insignificance, disorder, negative state of affairs. Theoretically, spaces polarized cities are more attractive than others. Is this reality? What happens there in spaces that are not polarized? The appropriate instrument to determine areas of influence is the Huff model. This is the theoretical model used to analyze the interstitial spaces at various levels, from the cities to the regional chief towns of the department. This model is based on the attraction of the mass function (functions and services) cities and calculates the limits of influence defining a probability of relationship is the relationship between the influence of a center and the influence of all centers: Pij = FJI / Σ (Fki) (the probability that an inhabitant of i go to j is equal to the force of attraction of point j to the sum of all forces of attraction centers .. 1 .. k n).After the theoretical determination of interstitial areas, a relevant method is the critical analysis of PATN (National Territory’s Development Plan) - The network of localities, contains a series of criteria in the section The main quantitative and qualitative indicators to define minimum urban localities, municipalities and cities must do to preserve their administrative status. In many cases these criteria are not accomplished and the maps proved it, on the basis of statistical data provided by the Census and other databases (INSSE, Ministries, Prefectures, town halls).Thus we analyzed eight criteria, the statistical point of view, of the seventeen existing. We did not test all criteria either because of their correlation, one determines the other (hence, one being analyzed), either because of lack of data. The maps produced reflect the situation of Romanian cities.A method for synthesizing the results and to make a typology of Romanian urban establishments consisted of the sum of ranks. This method consists in assigning a rank for each administrative unit and for each criteria analyzed. The problem is in the heterogeneity of data, due to the different years, another problem is the lack of statistical data to analyze all criteria. This work demonstrates the fact that some small towns, even if they are good accessibility and proximity to large cities, are more vulnerable and likely to be interstitial cities. Our work can be continued by analyzing the remaining indicators and through other statistical methods (hierarchical ascend classification, the principal component analysis).Sistemul urban românesc este relativ recent, creat prin mai multe baluri de urbanizare. Criteriile de înființare a municipiilor și orașelor sunt obictive dar alegerea localităților este adesea subiectivă, existând „orașe rurale” și „comune urbane”. Termenul interstițial nu există în urbanism și în amenajarea teritoriului decât la micro-scară.Interesul cu care poate fi studiat acest tip de orașe constă în faptul că, prin însăși natura lor periferică, acestea nu sunt vizibile în câmpul științific (românesc, cel puțin). Alegerea termenului interstițial este motivată de asemănarea cu termenul interstițial definit de arhitectură. De ce „orașe interstițiale” și nu „orașe intermediare”?• Intermediar = stare într-o ierarhie, o situare între două stări, cu o conotație mai degrabă pozitivă, unii autori insistând chiar că aceasta este o poziție privilegiată, de nod teritorial (Nadou, 2010). • Interstițial = extense în teritoriu a definiției date de urbanism: poziție geografică periferică, nesemnificativ, dezordine, stare negativă a lucrurilor.Teoretic, spațiile polarizate de marile orașe sunt mai atractive decât altele. Este aceasta realitatea? Ce se întâmplă în spațiile nepolarizate? Instrumentul potrivit pentru a determina ariile de influență este modelul lui Huff. Este modelul teoretic pentru a analiza spațiile interstițiale, la mai multe niveluri, plecând de la metropolele regionale până la reședințele de județ. Acest model este bazat pe atracția determinată de masa orașului (funcții, servicii) și calculează limitele definind o probabilitate a relației care este raportul dintre influența unui centru și influența tuturor centrelor: Pij = Fji / ∑(Fki) (probabilitatea pentru ca un locuitor din punctul i să meargă în punctul j este egală cu forța de atracție a punctului j la suma forțelor de atracție ale forțelor de atracție ale tuturor centrelor 1..k..n). După determinarea teoretică a ariilor interstițiale , o metodă relevantă este analiza critică a PATN (Planul de amenajare a teritoriului național) – Rețeaua de localități; acesta conține o serie de criterii în secțiunea Principalii indicatori cantitativi și calitativi minimali în definirea localităților urbane, pe care municipiile și orașele trebuie să le îndeplinească pentru a-și păstra statutul administrativ. În numeroase cazuri aceste criterii nu sunt respectate iar hărșile realizate dovedesc acest lucru, pe baza datelor statistice furnizate de recensămintele populației și ale altor baze de date (INSSE, Ministere, Prefecturi, Primării). Astfel au fost analizate opt criterii, din punct de vedere statistic, dintre cele optsprezece existente. Nu au fost analizate toate criteriile fie din cauza corelației dintre ele, unul determinându-l pe celălalt (prin urmare, doar unul dintre ele fiind analizat), fie din cauza lipsei datelor. Hărțile realizate reflectă situația orașelor românești.O metodă pentru a sintetiza rezultatele și pentru a realiza o tipologie a orașelor românești este cea a sumei rangurilor. Această metodă constă în atribuirea de ranguri pentru fiecare dintre unitățile administrative, pentru fiecare criteriu analizat. Problema ridicată constă în eterogenitatea datelor, din cauza anilor diferiți de proveniență; o altă problemă constă în lipsa datelor statistice, pentru a putea analiza toate criteriile. Această lucrare demonstrează faptul că o parte din orașele mici, chiar dacă au o accesibilitate ridicată și sunt în apropierea marilor orașe, sunt mai vulnerabile și susceptibile să fie orașe interstițiale. Lucrarea noastră poate fi continuată prin studierea indicatorilor neanalizați în cercetare și prin intermediul altor metode statistice (clasificarea ascendentă ierarhică, analiza în componente principale)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Paşcani, ville industrielle de Roumanie : années de transition
No full textPascani, an industrial city in Romania: the transition years. — The case of Pascani is typical of the territorial identity crisis of small and medium-sized cities which have suffered from the effects of industrialisation and urbanisation under the so-called 'socialist' régime. This crisis appears less acute however as the spatial definition of the city itself, and of associated morpho-structural subsystems, is becoming a more pressing issue. The city's inhabitants are resuming their former transactions or starting new ones while industries, which used to be the only and undisputed factor behind space organisation at all scales, are having to reconsider their links with local spatial units. People seem to be regrouping on the basis of their areas of origin; commuting is on the decline; the agricultural sector is regaining favour; the cities' area of attraction is decreasing in size and efforts are being made to reconcile space as a projection (i.e. programming) and real space (i.e. land as such).Résumé. — Le cas de Pa§cani est représentatif de la crise d'identité territoriale des villes petites et moyennes ayant subi l'assaut de l'industrialisation et de l'urbanisation du régime dit «socialiste». Cette crise est en train d'être dépassée par la définition spatiale de la ville elle-même, et de ses sous-systèmes morphostructuraux. Les habitants reprennent les anciens projets transactionnels ou en créent d'autres. Les industries, autrefois maîtresses incontestables de l'organisation de l'espace à toutes les échelles, sont obligées de reconsidérer leurs relations avec les espaces locaux. La population semble se regrouper selon les territoires d'origine, le mouvement pendulaire décroît, le secteur agricole est mieux apprécié, l'aire d'attraction des villes se contracte et l'on cherche à réduire les antinomies entre l'espace projeté (le programme) et l'espace réel (le territoire proprement dit).Pagcani, oras industrial românesc: anii tranzitiei. — Cazul Pa§canilor este reprezentativ pentru criza de identitate teritorialâ a ora§elor mici §i mijlocii care au suportat asaltul industrializârii §i urbanizârii exercitat de un regim zis «socialist». Aceastâ crizâ este pe cale de a fi depâgitâ prin mecanismele de redefinire spatjalâ proprii atât orasului ca entitate, cât §i fiecâruia dintre subsistemele sale morfostructurale. Locuitorii reiau vechile proiecte tranzactionale sau creazâ altele noi. Industria, altâdatâ stâpânâ incontestabilâ a organizârii spatiale, la toate nivelele, este obligatâ sâ-sj reconsidère reladile stabilité eu spatiile locale. Populatia manifesta tending de a se redistribui conform locurilor de origine, fenomenul navetismului scade în intensitate, sectorul agricol este re-valorizat, aria de atractie a oraçelor se restrânge §i se cautâ reducerea antinomiilor dintre spariul proiectat (programul) §i spariul real (teritoriul propriu-zis).Groza OctavianGroza Octavian. Paşcani, ville industrielle de Roumanie : années de transition. In: L'Espace géographique, tome 23, n°4, 1994. pp. 329-341
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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