2,258 research outputs found
Using ecological and field survey data to establish a national list of the wild bee pollinators of crops
No full textMM was funded by grant INIA-RTA2013-00139-C03-01 (MINECO and FEDER)Hutchinson, L.A., Oliver, T.H., Breeze, T.D., Bailes, E.J., Brünjes, L., Campbell, A.J., Erhardt, A., de Groot, G.A., Földesi, R., García, D., Goulson, D., Hainaut, H., Hambäck, P.A., Holzschuh, A., Jauker, F., Klatt, B.K., Klein, A.-M., Kleijn, D., Kovács-Hostyánszki, A., Krimmer, E., McKerchar, M., Miñarro, M., Phillips, B.B., Potts, S.G., Pufal, G., Radzevičiūtė, R., Roberts, S.P.M., Samnegård, U., Schulze, J., Shaw, R.F., Tscharntke, T., Vereecken, N.J., Westbury, D.B., Westphal, C., Wietzke, A., Woodcock, B.A., Garratt, M.P.D
Decoding fear intensity from sweat
No full textData and materials belonging to: de Groot, J.H.B., Kirk, P.A., & Gottfried, J.A. (in press).Titrating the Smell of Fear: Initial Evidence for Dose-Invariant Behavioral, Physiological, and Neural Responses.Psychological Science. doi: 10.1177/095679762097054
Exploiting the possibilities of simulators for driver training
No full textTraining in a simulator offers potential advantages compared to training in a non-simulated environment. Generally it is cheaper, safer, there is more control over the environment, and data collection is less complicated. These potential advantages give simulators the possibility to offer effective training. This thesis is divided into three parts, aimed at realizing cost-effective driver training and driver assessment using simulators. The first part focuses on driver performance in fixed-base simulators, the second part focuses on learning to drive in a simulator and the third part evaluates a newly developed simulator for the training and assessment of racecar drivers. Valid and reliable performance measures are required to analyze driver performance. Chapter 1 evaluates a large amount of measures for the task of braking and then stopping at a stop-sign, which is a common task for research into driver performance. A computer simulation was executed and also empirical data was used to study the performance measures. The main conclusions were that reliable and valid measures for the braking task are: speed and distance to the stop-sign at the start of braking, the stopping position with respect to the stop-sign, and a measure which indicates whether or not the deceleration was constant while the vehicle was slowed down. Chapter 2 tests eight low-cost non-vestibular acceleration and speed feedback systems: a tensioning seatbelt, a vibrating steering wheel, a motion seat, screeching tire sound, auditory beeps, a vibrating seat-pan in two configurations, and a pressure seat. For five systems, which provide longitudinal acceleration feedback, the measures of Chapter 1 were used to analyze the effect of the feedback systems on driver performance during the braking task. Chapter 2 concludes that vehicle acceleration cues can be fed back to the driver without a motion platform. The system which made the largest gain in making driver performance more realistic was the tensioning seatbelt system. Chapter 3 investigates the modality with which instructions are presented in the simulator. Generally, instructions in simulators are presented verbally. The auditory modality is a logical choice because car driving can be seen as a predominantly visual task. However, beginner drivers receive a lot of verbal instructions in a limited amount of time, and therefore it is interesting to investigate the effects of presenting the route instructions in a different modality. The experiment in the driving simulator showed that both visual and visual-auditory route-instructions resulted in less turning errors than the auditory route-instructions. The visual-auditory instructions also reduced indicator reaction times. The visual-auditory instructions were preferred by people who drove faster, and people who had low self-reported driving skill. Most people preferred the visual instructions over the auditory instructions. This experiment showed that even though the visual instructions interfere with the predominantly visual driving task according to the ‘multiple research theory’ (Wickens, 1999), they did result in better driving performance. The second part of this thesis focuses on learning to drive in a simulator. First, the didactical properties of four commercially available driving simulators are analyzed. A survey shows that the intelligent tutoring systems of current driver training simulators are mostly imitating the human instructor and that the “first principles of instruction” (Merrill, 2002a) are not implemented to their full potential. Hence, there is ample room for improvement of the didactical properties by fully exploiting the many visualization, demonstration, and performance-assessment opportunities provided by modern driving simulators. Furthermore, objective performance ratings of students can be used to provide accurate and consistent feedback-on-performance, something that is not possible in real cars, but which is often essential for effective skills training. It is recommended to use empirical experimentations to improve the instructional design of simulator-based driver training for specific learning outcomes and validate the use of the first principles of instruction to facilitate learning. The following three experiments investigate whether potential advantages which are offered by simulators can be used to teach driving skills to learner drivers. Some psychological principles concerning augmented feedback are studied and used to create a new learning environment. In the first experiment, seat vibrations which reacted to the lateral position in the lane were used to teach inexperienced drivers to drive in the middle of the right lane. There were four experimental groups: (a) on-target, receiving seat vibrations when the center of the car was within 0.5 m of the lane center; (b) off-target, receiving seat vibrations when the center of the car was more than 0.5 m away from the lane center; (c) control, receiving no vibrations; and (d) realistic, receiving seat vibrations depending on engine speed. During retention, all groups were provided with the realistic vibrations. Every participant drove five 8 minute sessions: three training sessions, one retention test directly after practice, and one retention test the following day. During practice, on-target and off-target groups had better lane-keeping performance than the nonaugmented groups, but this difference diminished in the retention phase. Furthermore, during late practice and retention, the off-target group outperformed the on-target group. The conclusion of this experiment is that off-target feedback is superior to on-target feedback for learning the lane-keeping task. During the following two experiments, the difficulty of the training was varied by changing the friction coefficient of the tire on the road. The first experiment deals with a normal road-car, while the second experiment deals with a racing car. Previous research in motor learning has shown that degrading the task conditions during practice can enhance long-term retention performance. Just like in the previous experiment, the driving task was keeping the car in the center of the right lane. The inexperienced drivers were divided into three groups: low grip (LG), normal grip (NG), and high grip (HG). All groups drove six sessions: four practice sessions, an immediate retention session, and a delayed retention session the following day. The two retention sessions were driven with normal-grip tires. The results show that LG drove with lower speed than NG during practice and retention. Transferring from the last practice session to the immediate retention session, LG’s workload decreased, as measured with a secondary task, whereas HG’s workload increased. This experiment also showed that it is possible to influence self-reported confidence level, which may have potential implications for the way drivers are trained. In the second experiment in which the tire-road friction coefficient is varied during training, we are not investigating normal car driving, but racecar driving. Now the goal is not to make people drive slower, but faster instead. Three groups of inexperienced racecar drivers were trained and tested on the same simple racetrack: low grip (LG), normal grip (NG), and high grip (HG). Just like in the previous experiment, LG drove slower than the other groups during training and the first retention session. The second retention session was driven in a different car than the training and the first retention session (Formula 1 car instead of a Formula 3 car), and in this session no differences in lap time were found between the groups. LG reported a higher confidence and lower frustration than NG and HG after each of the two retention sessions. In conclusion, practicing with low grip, as compared to practicing with normal or high grip, resulted in increased confidence but slower lap times. The third part of this thesis investigates the validity and controllability of a racing simulator. A modest validation study was performed by comparing the fastest lap times of 13 racing drivers during training sessions in the simulator to the fastest lap times these same drivers did on the same track in the real world. A correlation between the lap times was found, which indicates that the simulator has some degree of predictive value for performance in the real world. A (racing) simulator can be used for controlled experiments which are difficult to perform in reality. In different racecars, we have found large differences in gain and stiffness of the brake pedal. We assume that there exists an optimal stiffness and gain of the brake pedal for racecar drivers, but this is hard to investigate in reality. The expected performance differences are small, the time it takes to adapt the brake system is lengthy, and the environmental factors, such as grip of the tires and track, vary all the time. In two independent experiments the effect of the brake pedal stiffness on lap times is investigated. The expectations were that a softer brake pedal would be better in long brake zones, and that a stiff pedal would result in faster control inputs by the driver. The conclusions of the two experiments are that racing car drivers can deal with a large range of brake pedal stiffness, that a stiff pedal results in faster control inputs, and that the simulator is a useful tool for experiments concerning the human-machine interface which are difficult to perform in reality. To get a more detailed idea about which properties of the brake pedal are important for brake force control of racecar drivers, the gain of the brake pedal is investigated further in Chapter 9. During the last experiment participants did not drive on a virtual track, but performed a one dimensional control task. The test setup was a formula racing car cockpit fitted with an isometric brake pedal, which means that the pedal does not deflect under load and the pedal force determines the output. Four control-display gains, varying from very low to very high, were compared with two target functions; a step function and a multisine function. The control-display gain had only minor effects on root mean-squared error between output value and target value but it had large effects on build-up speed, overshoot, within-participants variability, and self-reported physical load. The results confirm the hypothesis that choosing an optimum gain involves balancing stability against physical effort.BioMechanical EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
Ontwerp en berekening van kademuur van Multipurpose Terminal Amsterdam
No full textHet ontwikkelen van alternatieven en het uitwerken hiervan voor de verlenging van een kademuur aan de Combined Terminal Amsterdam ten behoeve van overslag van containers en ander groot stukgoed (auto's). Alternatieven: - Damwand - Betonnen L-muur - CaissonConstructieve WaterbouwkundeHydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Opportunities to reduce pollination deficits and address production shortfalls in an important insect-pollinated crop
No full textThe Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) (project# PCIN-2014-145-C02); MINECO and FEDER (INIA-RTA2013-00139-C03-01)...Garratt, M.P.D., de Groot, G.A., Albrecht, M., Bosch, J., Breeze, T.D., Fountain, M.T., Klein, A.M., McKerchar, M., Park, M., Paxton, R.J., Potts, S.G., Pufal, G., Rader, R., Senapathi, D., Andersson, G.K.S., Bernauer, O.M., Blitzer, E.J., Boreux, V., Campbell, A.J., Carvell, C., Földesi, R., García, D., Garibaldi, L.A., Hambäck, P.A., Kirkitadze, G., Kovács-Hostyánszki, A., Martins, K.T., Miñarro, M., O’Connor, R., Radzeviciute, R., Roquer-Beni, L., Samnegård, U., Scott, L., Vereecken, N.J., Wäckers, F., Webber, S.M., Japoshvili, G., Zhusupbaeva, A
Synopsis articles in the planning of a trilingual dictionary ; Yilumbu–French–English
No full textA distinction is often drawn between single articles and synopsis articles. A single article is the so-called default article. It does not deviate from the traditional microstructural approach of the dictionary because it presents the minimum data for each lemma sign treated, while a synopsis article gives additional data for each treated lemma. The classical conception of the synopsis article originates with Bergenholtz, Tarp and Wiegand (1999). In their view, synopsis articles which were devised for language for special purposes (LSP) dictionaries have to make provision for the treatment of lemma signs functioning as superordinate terms (general lemmata or topics) as well as their hyponyms. The aim of this article is to present a new lexicographic approach to the study of synopsis articles against the background of a planned trilingual dictionary. It will be shown that synopsis articles have a more general use than its restricted application in LSP dictionaries. In fact, the focus will not be on the treatment of technical or scientific vocabulary but rather on cultural terms. This article also raises among other things, questions about the purpose of the planned dictionary, its target users, different types of microstructures as well as different data categories to be included in synopsis articles.Une distinction est souvent faite entre articles simples et articles synopsis. L'article simple est encore connu sous la dénomination d'article par défaut. Il ne dévie pas de l'approche microstructurelle traditionnelle du dictionnaire parce qu'il présente le minimum pour chaque lemme traité, alors qu'un article synopsis offre des données additives pour chaque lemme traité. La conception classique d'article synopsis est de Bergenholtz, Tarp et Wiegand (1999). De leur point de vue pour les articles synopsis qui ont été conçus pour des dictionnaires de langue de spécialité (LSP), des dispositions doivent être prises pour le traitement de signeslemmes fonctionnant comme termes superordonnés (lemmes généraux ou thèmes) ainsi que leurs hyponymes. L'objectif de cet article est de présenter une approche lexicographique nouvelle pour l'étude des articles synopsis avec en toile de fond un dictionnaire trilingue en proposition. Il sera montré que les articles synopsis ont un usage plus large que leur application limitée aux dictionnaires LSP. En effet, le centre d'intérêt portera non pas sur le traitement des termes du vocabulaire 182 P.A. Mavoungou technique ou scientifique mais plutôt sur des termes culturels. Cet article soulève également entre autres choses des interrogations quant à la visée du dictionnaire proposé, ses utilisateurs cibles, les différents types de microstructures ainsi que les différentes catégories de données à inclure pour chaque article synopsis
Book Reviews
No full textBook 1Book Title: Die Ondersoek van die Pasgebore BabaBook Author: P.A. HenningPp. 142. Geillustreer. R39,00. Pretoria: Academica. 1993. ISBN 0-86874-467-0.Book 2Book Title: Midwifery: A Textbook and Reference Book for Midwives in Southern AfricaBook Author: P. M. SellersVolumes 1 and 2. By P. M. Sellers. Pp. 1793. Illustrated. Kenwyn: Juta. 1993. ISBN 0-7021-2882-1
Stable isotope (C, O, H), major- and trace element studies on hydrothermal alteration and related ore mineralization in the volcano-sedimentary belt of Bergslagen, Sweden
No full textThe 1.90 - 1.86 Ga volcano-sedimentary belt of West Bergslagen, central
Sweden, is situated in the Svecofennian domain, which forms part of the
Baltic Shield. The West Bergslagen belt comprizes more than 10 km of
felsic volcanics and over 2 km of volcaniclastic sediments. Carbonate, chert
and iron-oxide lenses are intercalated in cthe volcanics. The supracrustal
rocks were intruded by diabase dykes and sills and by granitic plutons.
The supracrustal rocks have been tilted into a sub-vertical position. Foliation
follows approximately the bedding planes, or is developed in schistose
shear or fault zones. Lineations are generally steeply dipping and positioned
in foliation planes. The rocks of the West Bergslagen belt are
metamorphosed to greenschist or lower amphibolite mineral parageneses.
Hydrothermal alterations and related ore mineralizations occur in the West
Bergslagen belt, and are studied in this thesis. The aims of the study were to
understand the working of the hydrothermal systems operative in the
Proterozoic crust of West Bergslagen, and include topics such as:
hydrothermal fluid genesis, interaction between rock minerals and fluids,
mobility of elements in the systems and estimates of mass in/decrease
during the processes, and relation of hydrothermal fluids with the different
ore forming processes. An important aim was to determine the amount of
involvement of sea water in the hydrothermal processes, and to evaluate the
Early Proterozoic chemical and isotopic composition of sea water compared
with present sea water
Mean or green? Values, morality and environmental significant behavior.
No full textIn most cases, pro-environmental behavior does not maximize individual interests, but mainly benefits other people or the environment. We propose that although acting on the basis of egoistic considerations may result in pro-environmental behavior, altruistic and biospheric considerations provide the most stable basis for pro-environmental behavior. We present two strategies to promote stable pro-environmental behavior. The first way is increasing the saliency of altruistic and biospheric values in specific situations, thereby reducing the relative strength of egoistic values. The second way is making the often “anti-environmental” egoistic values compatible with “pro-environmental” altruistic and biospheric values. We explain these options and translate it to possible interventions, policy implications, and follow-up research to promote “green” behavior
Des données numériques aux connaissances pluridisciplinaires : enjeux de documentation et de formalisation
No full textContributeurs : Violette Abergel, Pierre Arese, Florent Comte, Iwona Dudek, Anaïs Guillem, Antoine Gros, Kévin Réby, Livio De Luca, Aurore Pfitzmann, Pascal Bénistant //Author contributions : Conceptualization: V.A., P.A., F.C., I.D., A.Gu., A.Gr., K.R.; Data curation: V.A., P.A., F.C., I.D., A.Gu., A.Gr., K.R.; Formal analysis: ; Funding acquisition: L.D.L.; Investigation: ; Methodology: V.A., P.A., F.C., I.D., A.Gu., A.Gr., K.R.; Project administration: L.D.L., A.P.; Resources: P.B.; Software: ; Supervision: L.D.L.; Validation: L.D.L.; Visualization: V.A., P.A., F.C., I.D., A.Gu., A.Gr., K.R.; Writing – original draft: V.A., P.A., F.C., I.D., A.Gu., A.Gr., K.R.; Writing – review & editing: V.A., P.A., F.C., I.D., A.Gu., A.Gr., K.R.International audiencePrésentation des procédés de gestion et de structuration des données acquises lors du Chantier Scientifique de Notre-Dame de Pari
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