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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
alternative splicing and RNA editing of human TPH2 transcripts
No full textSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamin, 5-HT) ist ein monoaminerger Neurotransmitter,
der an zahlreichen Aspekten der Verhaltenskontrolle beteiligt ist. Das
serotonerge System nimmt seinen Ursprung in einer handvoll 5-HT
synthetisierender Neuronen im Hirnstamm, die zusammen die Raphekerne B1 - B9
bilden. Seit über 40 Jahren ist bekannt, dass die Tryptophan-Hydroxylase (TPH)
das geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Enzym in der 5-HT-Biosynthese ist. Erst
kürzlich konnte ein zweites TPH-Gen (TPH2) identifiziert werden, das
hauptsächlich im Gehirn exprimiert wird, während die Expression des bislang
bekannten TPH-Gens (TPH1) vorwiegend in nicht neuronalen Geweben erfolgt.
Dysfunktionen des serotonergen Systems im Gehirn konnten mit einer Vielzahl
neuropsychiatrischer Erkrankungen, wie Depression, Schizophrenie und
Suizidalverhalten in Zusammenhang gebracht werden und umfangreiche Beweise
deuten auf TPH2 als Kandidatengen für 5-HT-verwandte psychiatrische Störungen.
Zum besseren Verständnis der physiologischen Bedeutung von 5-HT im Gehirn und
bei der Ätiologie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen wurde ein induzierbares
Mausmodell etabliert. Das Modell basiert auf der spezifischen Expression der
E. coli-Nitroreduktase (NTR) in den serotonergen Rapheneuronen und die damit
verbundende Metabolisierung des inaktiven Protoxins CB1954 zu einem potenten
Zytotoxin, wodurch die Ablation der 5-HT-Neuronen induziert und die
zentralnervösen 5-HT-Spiegel konditionell gesenkt werden. Die transgenen NTR1
Mäuse zeigten jedoch trotz spezifischer NTR-Expression keinen Phänotyp nach
Behandlung mit CB1954. Die Expression einer gfp markierten NTR in COS7-Zellen
zeigte die Aggregation des Fusionsproteins und lies eine beeinträchtigte
Translation durch Unterschiede im synonymen Codongebrauch zwischen Donor- und
Wirtszelle vermuten. Eine synthetische NTR Version (ntro), deren Codongebrauch
an die Präferenzen der Maus angepasst wurde, führte zu höheren
Proteinausbeuten in verschiedenen Säugerzelllinien und sensibilisierte diese
bereits bei einer zehnfach geringeren CB1954-Konzentration. Die Verbesserung
des NTR/CB1954-Systems auf translationeller Ebene sollte sein Potential
hinsichtlich der Untersuchung zellulärer Funktionen durch konditionale
Zellablation in transgenen Tieren erhöhen und verspricht zusätzlich eine
Anwendung in der humanen Krebstherapie durch GDEPT (gene-directed enzyme
prodrug therapy). Zahlreiche Studien haben die positive Kopplung von
Einzelstrangpolymorphismen (SNPs) im TPH2-Gen mit psychiatrischen Erkrankungen
und ihren möglichen Einfluss auf die enzymatische Aktivität der TPH2 gezeigt.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit ergab die Sequenzierung von TPH2-cDNAs von post
mortem-Gehirnproben des Menschen, dass humane TPH2-Transkripte alternativ
gespleißt werden, wobei sich die kinetischen Eigenschaften der kodierten
Varianten TPH2A und TPH2B unterscheiden. Zudem werden die prä-mRNAs von TPH2a
und TPH2b dynamisch editiert, durch spezifische sich gegenseitig
ausschließende Editierungsmuster, die die enzymatische Aktivität der
entsprechenden Proteine modulieren. Zusätzlich zur Dichotomie des serotonergen
Systems, definiert durch die zwei geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Enzyme TPH1 und
TPH2, in peripheren bzw. neuronalen Geweben, ermöglicht die TPH2a/b-Editierung
eine noch komplexere Feinregulation der zentralen 5-HT-Biosynthese.
Letztendlich werden molekularbiologische Beweise präsentiert, die vermuten
lassen, dass eine Dysregulation von alternativem Spleißen und RNA Editierung
an der Ätiologie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen beteiligt ist. Eine wichtige
Schlussfolgerung der hier gezeigten Ergebnisse ist die Tatsache, dass weder
die aktuell verwendeten RNA- basierten Techniken noch immunhistochemische
Proteinnachweismethoden eine Aussage über die TPH2-Aktivität in der
psychiatrischen Forschung erlauben, wodurch die bisherigen Daten zu Störungen
der TPH2-Expression bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen sorgfältig nachgeprüft
werden sollten.Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoaminergic neurotransmitter
involved in multiple facets of behavioral control. The serotonergic projection
system has its roots in a handful of selectively 5-HT-synthesizing neurons
within the brainstem, which altogether constitute the raphe nuclei B1 - B9. It
is known since more than four decades that tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the
rate-limiting enzyme in the 5-HT biosynthesis. Recently, a second TPH gene
(TPH2) was identified, which is mainly expressed in the brain, whereas the
previously known TPH gene (TPH1) is predominantly expressed in non-neuronal
tissues. Dysfunctions of the serotonergic system in the brain have been
implicated in a variety of neuropsychatric disorders, like depression,
schizophrenia and suicidal behaviour and overwhelming evidence points to TPH2
as a candidate gene for 5- HT-related psychiatric disorders. In order to
better understand the physiological role of 5-HT in the brain and the etiology
of psychiatric diseases a mouse model was established. The model is based on
the specific expression of the E. coli nitroreductase (NTR), which is
associated with the bioactivation of the inactive prodrug CB1954 to a powerful
cytotoxin in the serotonergic raphe neurons. This leads to the ablation of the
5-HT neurons, thereby conditionally decreasing the 5-HT levels in the CNS. In
spite of specific expression of NTR in the 5-HT neurons the transgenic NTR1
mice did not respond to CB1954. The expression of a gfp tagged NTR in COS7
cells showed the aggregation of the corresponding fusion protein, suggesting
impaired translation by divergent synonymous codon usage between the donor and
host cell. A synthetic NTR version (ntro), in which codon usage was adapted to
mouse preferences, showed higher expression levels in different mammalian cell
lines rendering them more sensitive to the prodrug CB1954 by one order of
magnitude. The improvement of the NTR/CB1954 system at the translational level
should increase its potential for the investigation of cellular functions by
conditional targeted cell ablation in transgenic animals. Moreover, the ntro
developed in this study is a promising candidate for human cancer treatment by
GDEPT (gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy). Numerous studies have proven
positive linkage of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TPH2 gene
with psychiatric diseases and their possible influence on TPH2 enzymatic
activity. By sequencing TPH2 cDNAs from human post mortem brain samples it
could be shown that TPH2 exists in two alternative splice variants with
distinct kinetic properties of the encoded TPH2A and TPH2B proteins. Further,
the pre-mRNAs of TPH2a and TPH2b are dynamically edited in a mutually
exclusive pattern, which modulates the enzymatic activity of the respective
proteins. Thus, in addition to the dichotomy of the serotonergic system
defined by the two rate limiting enzymes, TPH1 and TPH2, in peripheral and
neuronal tissues, respectively, TPH2a/b editing allows an even more complex
fine tuning of the central nervous 5-HT biosynthesis. Finally, molecular
biological evidence is presented suggesting that a deregulated alternative
splicing and RNA editing might be involved in the etiology of
psychopathological diseases. An important implication of the results is the
fact that neither currently used RNA-based techniques nor immunohistochemical
protein detection methods allow estimating the enzymatic activity of TPH2 in
psychiatry research. Thus, the here presented data should invite for careful
reexamination of present reports on TPH2 expression disturbances in
psychiatric disease
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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