1,720,959 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea)
No full textInsects have developed specialized structures on their feet for adhering to surfaces, with stick and leaf insects or Phasmatodea exhibiting an unexpectedly high diversity of these structures. In Phasmatodea, attachment on different substrates is achieved by two types of pads on the legs: the euplantulae on the tarsomeres and the arolium on the pretarsus. The euplantulae are adhesive structures capable of adaptability to the substrate profile and generation of the required attachment strength. The diversity of euplantular microstructures of 56 species that represent all major lineages recognized within Phasmatodea and the whole biogeographical distribution of the group are examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nine different types of attachment structures can be distinguished whereby one, the nubby type, can be further divided into three different distinct types based on the specific ratio of each conical outgrowth. We mapped the morphological data from the SEM onto a phylogenetic tree we reconstructed based on molecular data. Previously, the evolution of different adhesive microstructures (AMs) on these pads has been suggested to reflect phylogenetic groups. However, different types of AMs are found within monophyletic groups, and our ancestral character state reconstruction suggests smooth euplantulae in the ground pattern of Euphasmatodea and multiple independent origins of other forms. The type of AM appears to be strongly associated with ecomorphs, e.g., smooth euplantular surfaces are more frequently found in tree-dwellers than in ground-dwellers, whilst the attachment pads of ground-dwelling species primarily bear conical cuticular outgrowths (nubby euplantulae)
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Einfluss von Termiten auf Vegetations- und Bodenmuster eines semi-ariden Savannenökosystems in Namibia
No full textTermites are the most important soil ecosystem engineers of semi‐arid and arid habitats. They enhance decomposition processes as well as the subsequent mineralisation of nutrients by bacteria and fungi. Through their construction of galleries, nests and mounds, they promote soil turnover and influence the distribution of nutrients and also alter texture and hydrological properties of soils, thereby affecting the heterogeneity of their ecosystem. The main aim of the present thesis was to define the impact of termites on ecosys‐tem functioning in a semi‐arid ecosystem. In a baseline study, I assessed the diversity of termite taxa in relation to the amount of precipitation, the vegetation patterns and the land use systems at several sites in Namibia. Subsequently, I focussed on a species that is highly abundant in many African savannas, the fungus growing and mound building species Macro‐termes michaelseni (Sjöstedt, 1914). I asked how this species influences the spatial hetero‐geneity of soil and vegetation patterns. From repeated samplings at 13 sites in Namibia, I obtained 17 termite taxa of 15 genera. While the type of land use seems to have a minor effect on the termite fauna, the mean annual precipitation explained 96% and the Simpson index of vascular plant diversity 81% of the variation in taxa diversity. The number of termite taxa increased with both of these explanation variables. In contrast to former studies on Macrotermes mounds in several regions of Africa that I reviewed, soil analyses from M. michaelseni mounds in the central Namibian savanna revealed that they contain much higher nitrogen contents when compared to their parent material. Further analyses revealed that nitrate forms a major component of the nitrogen content in termite mounds. As nitrate solves easily in water, evaporation processes are most probably responsible for the transport of solved nitrates to the mound surface and their accumulation there. The analysed mounds in central Namibia contained higher sand propor‐tions compared to the mounds of the former studies. Through the higher percentage of coarse and middle sized pores, water moves more easily in sandy soils compared to more clayey soils. In consequence, evaporation‐driven nitrate accumulation can occur in the studied mounds at high rates. Hochgerechnet auf den Gesamtumfang der Hügel bedeckte das pro Jahr von einem bewohnten Hügel erodierte Material theoretisch einen 1 m breiten Kreisring um den Schwemmkegel des Hügels 2,4 mm hoch. Der entsprechende Wert für unbewohnte Hügel betrug 1,0 mm. To assess the amount of soil that erodes from termite mounds, I fastened four strong, 65 cm wide plastic bags at 14 mounds each and collected the soil that eroded during five rainfall events. Projected to the total mound circumference, the amount of soil eroded covers theoretically a 1 m wide circular ring around the pediment of an inhabited mound up to a height of 2.4 mm per year. For uninhabited mounds, the height of this soil layer would be 1.0 mm. Per hectare, roughly 245 kg eroded per year from the mounds. However, as the erosion rate depends on several factors such as rainfall intensity, soil texture and point of time within the rainy season, this is only a vague estimate. In order to determine up to which distance the soil erosion from the mounds still influences the chemical characteristics of the adjacent topsoil, I took samples from depth of 0–10 cm at 1, 5 and 25 m distances, respectively, from four different mounds and from the mounds themselves. The non‐metric multidimensional scaling of the soil properties showed strong differences between mound and off‐mound samples. Soil characteristics within the samples from the mounds did not differ largely. Similarly, I found no strong differences between the samples taken from the different distances from the mound. From these results I conclude that through the construction of foraging galleries and sheetings (soil constructions with which some termite species cover their food items), the soil eroding from termite mounds is quickly mixed with deeper soil layers. In consequence, mound material does not accumulate in the mound’s vicinity. In order to reveal how plant growth is influenced by termite mound material, we assessed the number of grass and herb individuals as well as the biomass of plants growing in situ on the base of mounds compared to adjacent sites. While the numbers of both grass and herb individuals were significantly lower compared to adjacent sites, the total biomass of plants growing on the base of mounds was significantly higher. Reverse results were obtained by pot experiments with radish (Raphanus sativus subsp. sativus) and sorghum (Sorghum sp.) growth. Both species grew significantly weaker on mound soil compared to adjacent soil. The contradictory results concerning the biomass of in situ and pot experi‐ments are most probably caused by the disturbance of the original soil structure during the potting process. The material was subsequently compacted through watering the plants. In contrast, Macrotermes mounds are pervaded by many macropores which seem to be essential for the plant roots to penetrate the soil. In the last part of this thesis, I posed the question how mounds of M. michaelseni are distributed and what factors might be responsible for this pattern. Former studies showed that mound size is correlated with the size of its inhabiting colony. With several multi‐scale analyses, I revealed that larger inhabited mounds were regularly distributed. Additionally, mounds which were closer together tended to be smaller than on average. This indicates that intraspecific competition controls the distribution and size of colonies and their mounds. Former studies concerning Odontotermes mounds substantiated that they are local hotspots of primary productivity and animal abundance. Based on these findings, simulations revealed that a regular distribution of these mounds leads to a greater ecosystem‐wide productivity compared to a random arrangement. As in the present study, plant biomass was higher at the mounds compared to off‐mound sites, this might hold true for M. michaelseni mounds. From the results of this thesis, I draw the conclusion that through their mound building activities, M. michaelseni strongly influences the distribution patterns of soil nutrients within the central Namibian savanna. These termites create sharp contrasts in nutrient levels and vegetation patterns between mound soils and off‐mound soils and enhance the heterogeneity of their habitats. Former studies revealed that habitat hetero‐geneity is important in generating species diversity and species richness in turn is correlated positively with biomass production and positively affects ecosystem services. In conclusion, the present thesis underlines the importance of M. michaelseni for ecosystem functioning of the central Namibian savanna.Termiten sind die bedeutendsten Ökosystem‐Ingenieure in den Böden arider und semi‐arider Gebiete. Sie beschleunigen Zersetzungsprozesse und damit auch die nachfolgende Mineralisation von Nährstoffen durch Bakterien und Pilze. Durch den Bau ihrer Galerien, Nester und Hügel fördern sie die Umwälzung des Bodens und beeinflussen die Nährstoffver‐teilung, die Textur sowie die hydrologischen Eigenschaften der Böden. Durch diese Prozesse erhöhen sie die Heterogenität in den von ihnen bewohnten Ökosystemen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich vorrangig mit dem Einfluss von Termiten auf Ökosystemfunktionen eines semi‐ariden Ökosystems. Als Grundlage dazu habe ich die Diver‐sität von Termitentaxa und ihre Abhängigkeit von Niederschlagsmenge, Vegetationsmustern und Landnutzungssystemen auf verschiedenen Untersuchungsflächen in Namibia bestimmt. In dem darauffolgenden Teil der Arbeit habe ich mich auf die pilzzüchtende und hügel bauende Art Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjöstedt, 1914) konzentriert, eine Art, die in vielen afrikanischen Savannen in hoher Abundanz vorkommt. Ich habe mich damit beschäftigt, wie diese Art die räumliche Heterogenität von Böden und Vegetationsmustern beeinflusst. Durch wiederholtes Sammeln an 13 verschiedenen Untersuchungsgebieten in Namibia konnte ich 17 Termitentaxa aus 15 Gattungen erfassen. Während die Landnutzung einen unwesentlichen Einfluss auf die Termitenfauna hatte, konnte die Variation in der Taxa‐diversität zu 96% durch den mittleren jährlichen Niederschlag erklärt werden und zu 81% durch den Simpson‐Diversitäts‐Index der Gefäßpflanzen. Die Anzahl der Termitentaxa nahm mit diesen beiden Variablen zu. Im Gegensatz zu vorherigen Studien an Macrotermes Hügeln in verschiedenen Regionen Afrikas, enthielten Bodenproben der untersuchten Hügel in der zentralen namibi‐schen Savanne viel höhere Stickstoffgehalte im Vergleich zum Ausgangsmaterial. Weitere Analysen ergaben, dass der hohe Stickstoffgehalt in dem Hügelmaterial vor allem auf Nitrat zurückzuführen ist. Da Nitrat leicht wasserlöslich ist, gelangt es wahrscheinlich durch von Evaporation angetriebene Wasserbewegungen an die Hügeloberfläche und reichert sich dort an. Die untersuchten Termitenhügel in Namibia enthielten zudem höhere Sandgehalte im Vergleich zu den Hügeln der von mir ausgewerteten vorherigen Studien. Durch den höheren Anteil von Grob‐ und Mittelporen kann sich Wasser in sandigen Böden schneller bewegen als in tonigen Böden. Dadurch bedingt können in den untersuchten Hügeln Evaporation und Nitratakkumulation in hohen Raten erfolgen. Um die Menge des von den Termitenhügeln erodierenden Materials zu ermitteln, habe ich jeweils vier stabile, 65 cm breite Plastikbeutel an 14 Hügeln befestigt und mit diesen das Bodenmaterial aufgesammelt, das während fünf Regenereignissen von den Hügeln abgeschwemmt wurde. Hochgerechnet auf den Gesamtumfang der Hügel bedeckte das pro Jahr von einem bewohnten Hügel erodierte Material theoretisch einen 1 m breiten Kreisring um den Schwemmkegel des Hügels 2,4 mm hoch. Der entsprechende Wert für unbewohnte Hügel betrug 1,0 mm. Projiziert auf eine Fläche von einen Hektar erodierten insgesamt etwa 245 kg Hügelmaterial pro Jahr. Dabei muss berücksichtigt werden, dass dies nur eine ganz grobe Schätzung ist, da die Erosionsrate von verschiedenen Faktoren wie der Regenintensität, der Körnung des Bodens und des Zeitpunkts innerhalb der Regensaison abhängt. Um zu erfassen, bis zu welcher Distanz der erodierte Boden die chemische Zusammensetzung des Umgebungsbodens beeinflusst, habe ich aus jeweils 0–10 cm Tiefe Proben in 1, 5 und 25 m Entfernung sowie als Kontrolle von den Hügeln selbst genommen. Mit Hilfe nichtmetrischer multidimensionaler Skalierung konnte ich zeigen, dass sich die Bodeneigenschaften des Hügelmaterials stark von denen des Umgebungsbodens unter‐schieden. Innerhalb der Hügelproben variierten die Bodeneigenschaften nur gering. Ebenso konnte ich zwischen den Proben, die aus den drei Entfernungen stammten, keine starken Unterschiede feststellen. Aus diesen Ergebnissen schlussfolgere ich, dass der von den Termitenhügeln erodierende Boden sich durch den Bau von unterirdischen Gängen und „sheetings“ (Konstruktionen aus Bodenmaterial, mit denen einige Termitenarten ihre Nahrungsstücke umziehen) schnell mit tieferen Bodenschichten mischt. Infolgedessen sammelt sich das Hügelmaterial nicht in der näheren Umgebung des Hügels an. Um herauszufinden, wie das Pflanzenwachstum durch Termitenhügelmaterial beein‐flusst wird, haben wir die Anzahl und Biomasse von Gräsern und Kräutern erhoben, die in situ an der Basis von Hügel wuchsen. Während die Individuenzahl der Gräser und die der Kräuter signifikant geringer waren, war die Gesamtbiomasse der Pflanzen, die an der Hügel‐basis wuchsen, signifikant höher im Vergleich zu benachbarten Flächen. Umgekehrte Ergeb‐nisse wurden durch Versuche erzielt, bei denen Radieschen (Raphanus sativus subsp. sativus) und Sorghum (Sorghum sp.) Pflanzen in Folientöpfen herangezogen wurden. Beide Arten wuchsen signifikant schlechter auf Hügelerde im Vergleich zu Umgebungsboden. Die widersprüchlichen Ergebnisse im Bezug auf die Biomasse der in situ‐ und Wachstums‐Experimente werden wahrscheinlich durch die Zerstörung der ursprünglichen Bodenstruktur während des Umfüllens der Erde in die Folientöpfe verursacht. Zudem verstärkte das Gießen der Pflanzen die Verdichtung des Materials. Im Gegensatz dazu sind Macrotermes Hügel von vielen Makroporen durchzogen, die für die Durchwurzelung der komprimierten Böden essentiell zu sein scheinen. Im letzten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit befasse ich mich mit der Frage, wie M. michaelseni Bauten verteilt sind und welche Faktoren dafür verantwortlich sind. Frühere Stu‐dien haben gezeigt, dass die Hügelgröße mit der Größe der Kolonie korreliert ist, die den jeweiligen Hügel bewohnt. Mit verschiedenen Mehrskalenverfahren konnte ich darlegen, dass größere bewohnte Hügel regulär verteilt waren. Außerdem waren Hügel, die enger zusammen standen, kleiner als der Durchschnitt der Hügel. Dieses deutet darauf hin, dass intraspezifische Konkurrenz die Verteilung und Größe der Hügel und deren Kolonien regu‐liert. Frühere Studien an Odontotermes Hügeln haben gezeigt, dass diese lokale Zentren der Primärproduktion und der Abundanz von Tieren sind. Mit darauf basierenden Simulationen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass eine reguläre Verteilung von Hügeln im Vergleich zu einer zufälligen Anordnung zu einer größeren Gesamtproduktivität des Ökosystems führt. Da in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Pflanzenbiomasse an den Hügeln höher war als an benachbar‐ten Stellen, könnte dieses auch für M. michaelseni Hügel zutreffen. Aus den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit ziehe ich die Schlussfolgerung, dass M. michaelseni durch ihre Hügelbauaktivitäten die Verteilungsmuster von Bodennährstoffen in der zentra‐len namibischen Savanne stark beeinflusst. Die Termiten erzeugen deutliche Kontraste in Bezug auf Nährstoffgehalt und Vegetationsmuster zwischen Hügelboden und benachbarten Stellen und erhöhen so die Heterogenität ihrer Habitate. Von früheren Studien ist bekannt, dass Habitatheterogenität eine hohe Artendiversität erzeugt. Eine hohe Diversität wiederum ist mit der Biomasseproduktion positiv korreliert und hat einen positiven Einfluss auf Öko‐systemdienstleistungen. Schlussendlich unterstreicht die vorliegende Arbeit die Bedeutung von M. michaelseni für Ökosystemfunktionen in der Savanne Zentralnamibias
Table 1: Main characteristics of the BIOTA observatories included in this study & Table 3: Occurrence of termite taxa at the observatories
No full textTermites are the most important soil ecosystem engineers of semi‐arid and arid habitats. They enhance decomposition processes as well as the subsequent mineralisation of nutrients by bacteria and fungi. Through their construction of galleries, nests and mounds, they promote soil turnover and influence the distribution of nutrients and also alter texture and hydrological properties of soils, thereby affecting the heterogeneity of their ecosystem.
The main aim of the present thesis was to define the impact of termites on ecosys‐tem functioning in a semi‐arid ecosystem. In a baseline study, I assessed the diversity of termite taxa in relation to the amount of precipitation, the vegetation patterns and the land use systems at several sites in Namibia. Subsequently, I focussed on a species that is highly abundant in many African savannas, the fungus growing and mound building species Macro‐termes michaelseni (Sjöstedt, 1914). I asked how this species influences the spatial hetero‐geneity of soil and vegetation patterns. From repeated samplings at 13 sites in Namibia, I obtained 17 termite taxa of 15 genera. While the type of land use seems to have a minor effect on the termite fauna, the mean annual precipitation explained 96% and the Simpson index of vascular plant diversity 81% of the variation in taxa diversity. The number of termite taxa increased with both of these explanation variables.
In contrast to former studies on Macrotermes mounds in several regions of Africa that I reviewed, soil analyses from M. michaelseni mounds in the central Namibian savanna revealed that they contain much higher nitrogen contents when compared to their parent material. Further analyses revealed that nitrate forms a major component of the nitrogen content in termite mounds. As nitrate solves easily in water, evaporation processes are most probably responsible for the transport of solved nitrates to the mound surface and their accumulation there. The analysed mounds in central Namibia contained higher sand propor‐tions compared to the mounds of the former studies. Through the higher percentage of coarse and middle sized pores, water moves more easily in sandy soils compared to more clayey soils. In consequence, evaporation‐driven nitrate accumulation can occur in the studied mounds at high rates. ff..
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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