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Les agents réactifs et le vivant dans une perspective d'évolution coopérative
No full textDominique LESTEL, Benoît GRISON, Alexis DROGOUL : Les agents réactifs et le vivant dans une perspective d'évolution coopérative
Natural evolution is partly understandable with the tools that the researcher has at his own disposal. In that perspective, Distributed Artificial Intelligence introduces extremely flexible procedures that are likely to approach in a completely new way some processes, which were until then neglected or difficult to adress, and to reevaluate their relevance. A transversal similarity between the processes of embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, immunology and social insects' societies sociogenesis could be formalized thanks to its conceptual tools. Such a problematics appears to be particularly relevant for studying and conceptualizing problems situated at the interface between the living and the cognitive, the natural and the artificial.L'évolution naturelle est conceptualisée en partie en fonction des outils accessibles. Dans cette perspective, l'intelligence artificielle distribuée introduit des procédures extrêmement souples qui sont susceptibles d'aborder des processus jusque-là négligés ou difficilement accessibles, et d'en réévaluer la pertinence. Une similarité tranversale entre les processus de l'embryogenèse, de l'immunologie, de l'hématopoïèse et de la sociogenèse dans les colonies d'insectes sociaux est sans doute formalisable avec l'aide des outils conceptuels qu'elle propose. Une telle problématique se révèle particulièrement pertinente pour étudier et conceptualiser les problèmes qui se situent à l'interface du vivant et du cognitif, et à celle du naturel et de l'artificiel.Lestel Dominique, Grison Benoit, Drogoul Alexis. Les agents réactifs et le vivant dans une perspective d'évolution coopérative. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°19, 1994/2. Organisation émergente dans les populations : biologie, éthologie, systèmes artificiels. pp. 73-90
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Fatigue processes in maritime environments : comparative ergonomic analysis of different professional situations
No full textCette étude ergonomique a pour but l’analyse des processus de fatigue parmi différentes professions du milieu maritime. Quatre terrains d’étude en situation « naturelle » ont ainsi été investis : ceux de patrons de chalutiers pélagiques, de marins de navire océanographique, de skippers de course au large en solitaire, et de marins de dragues aspiratrices. Deux ordres de données ont été envisagés : celles ressortissant à la fatigue perçue et à la fatigue objectivée (fatigue « réelle », physiologique, de l’organisme). Du point de vue de la fatigue subjective perçue, notre méthode a consisté à croiser des observations ethnographiques avec des entretiens compréhensifs de type psychologique. Du point de vue de la fatigue physiologique, des mesures de la fréquence cardiaque sur l’intervalle R-R ont été réalisées (tests orthostatiques et enregistrements continus simultanément à l’activité). Nos résultats découlent alors de la confrontation de ces sources de données « objectives » et « subjectives ». Il s’avère d’une part, qu’à l’origine de la fatigue, les rythmes de travail tiennent un rôle prépondérant ; tout comme les contraintes appliquées au sommeil, et l’alternance de phases d’activité intenses et moins soutenues. D’autre part, la fatigue se manifeste par des troubles du sommeil, de la lassitude psychologique, et un « effet de cumul » (dont l’intensité est variable selon les métiers étudiés). De ce fait, les marins ont la possibilité de gérer leur fatigue par la répartition des périodes de sommeil, le repos à terre, et la prise de nourriture. Enfin, des pistes de conception sont suggérées afin d’adapter l’activité des marins en fonction des processus de fatigue analysés.Our ergonomic approach analyzed the dynamics of the fatigue processes through different maritime professions. The data were collected in “natural” situations across four field studies: pelagic trawlers’ captains, oceanographical ship seamen, solo race’s yachtsmen, and pump dredger’s seamen. Two types of data must be distinguished: those issued from perceived fatigue and those from the ‘real’, physiological, fatigue of the organism. From a psychological point of view, our methodology combined direct observation with non-directive interviews. Concerning the physiological fatigue, measurements of the heart rate on interval R-R were carried out (stand-tests and continuous recordings simultaneously with activity). Our results issue from the confrontation of objective and subjective sources. First, the work rhythms are a preponderant cause of fatigue, with sleep strains, and alternation of activity. Then, fatigue shows sleep disorders, lassitude, and cumulative effect (of which intensity varies according to the professions). Thus, seamen can manage their fatigue with sleep periods repartition, recovery on the ground, and eating food. In addition, we point some solutions to adjust the activity of the seamen to their fatigue processes
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Parution - Bien être/Etre bien ? Les techniques de conscience du corps entre Orient et Occident
No full textParution - Bien être/Etre bien ? Les techniques de conscience du corps entre Orient et Occident GRISON Benoit, Bien être/Etre bien ? Les techniques de conscience du corps entre Orient et Occident, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2012. Les techniques de méditation bouddhistes d'Extrême-Orient, font l'objet d'une appropriation culturelle de grande ampleur dans le monde occidental. Ces "techniques de soi" ont influencé indirectement diverses pratiques de "bien-être" développées en Occident : relaxation, aut..
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