1,720,953 research outputs found
Aquatic bone taphonomy: forensic and archaeological implications for the interpretation of submerged bone
No full textThere is currently an incomplete understanding of the effects that aquatic processes have on skeletal material, and consequently the interpretation of water-submerged remains presents a number of challenges to archaeologists and forensic practitioners. Accurate interpretations of the conditions which cause diagnostic diagenetic changes to material are not just important for reconstructing post-depositional environments, processes and durations, but are also vital in ensuring that any data recovered from bone are not incorrectly interpreted due to information loss and modification. This thesis therefore addresses the paucity in data concerning early postdepositional modifications in submerged bone, by exploring different methods and analyses that facilitate more accurate interpretations of bones’ aquatic diagenetic and taphonomic pathways. A number of experimental and actualistic bone taphonomy studies are presented and discussed. A series of laboratory flume-based experiments demonstrate the utility of quantitative analysis of sediment-induced micro- abrasion on bone surfaces. SEM imaging allowed quantitative and qualitative distinctions to be made concerning the sediment size class that the bone was abraded by. Changes in sediment grain size, duration of exposure to abrasion, sphericity of the abrasive, and abrasive force are identified as the strongest rate-limiting factors controlling micro-abrasion propagation. Through this data it is suggested that a quantitative approach to analysing abrasion on bone retrieved from water has potential to establish remains’ submersion times and transport pathways with a higher degree of resolution than previously possible. The use of laser scanning for quantitatively recording sediment abrasion on submerged bone is also explored. Point cloud analysis was carried out, and it is shown that laser scanning can be used to accurately record abrasion on submerged bone at a resolution not possible through gross morphological assessment. It is therefore suggested that this quantitative approach facilitates an improved assessment of abrasive changes recorded on bone in experimental and actualistic taphonomy studies. Finally, a series of early-post-depositional monitoring studies were conducted in field and laboratory-based settings to assess both predictability and rates of diagenetic change as they relate to different spatio-temporal parameters of submersion. A suite of physicochemical changes in bone, recorded using gross morphological observations, histological assessments of bone microstructure, DNA analysis, FTIR-ATR analysis of bones’ mineral and organic constituents, quantitative measures of colour change using VSC analysis, and XRF analysis of bones’ elemental compositions, are discussed. The key findings of this study are that microbial modification in submerged osseous tissue can progress rapidly upon deposition in water and have the ability to propagate into cortical tissue, which may impact on the ability of remains to survive over archaeological and palaeontological time periods. Elemental exchange rates in submerged bone are identified as the most consistent markers of post-depositional change at both site-specific and broader scales. Remains that were constantly buried in bottom sediments and exhibit good gross morphological and histological integrity displayed notably consistent elemental uptake and depletion rates, which suggests they have utility for determining remains’ submersion times and locations. DNA degradation is shown to be rapid in submerged bone due to the effects of hydrolysis. It is also indicated that remains which experienced burial and exhibit limited microstructural changes are likely to show better retention of residual biomolecules and are therefore favourable to target for DNA analysis. This thesis concludes that a quantitative approach to recording both intrinsic and extrinsic variables related to bone diagenesis is advantageous for understanding taphonomic effect, cause and duration, and should therefore be adopted in future studies. In addition, this research provides a good fundamental basis concerning the occurrence and progression of different diagenetic changes in water-submerged remains, on which additional studies can build
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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