1,720,954 research outputs found
FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRAINING IN THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE: AN EXOTIC SKILL THAT WAS HARD TO OBTAIN IS NOW A MONSTER THAT IS HARD TO CONTAIN
Full text linkFew Americans know what diplomats even do, which means that even fewer Americans know how they are trained. The people could be forgiven, though- In the year 1906, The Department of State sent the same ambassador to China as the Congo because ambassadors were assigned alphabetically. In the 1950s, things were only marginally better: the Secretary of State, the U.S.’s top diplomat, did not know how many embassy workers in Paris spoke French. Knowing that, one would find it hard to take seriously the Foreign Service Institute, the school that trains America’s diplomatic and consular workforce… despite its best efforts. In reality, the FSI has been on a path of constant improvement since its very inception. After all, it is indeed the place where the officials in the State Department learned their lessons. Some problems in the Department of State are as modern as the times; but others are as old as the nation itself. Diplomats in the United States today are still going out into the field without the skills they need. Some of them do not even speak the language of the country to which they are assigned. Worse still- those at the top of the Department of State have all the knowledge they need to solve the problem; they just lack the budget and the manpower to get it done. In 2024, the Foreign Service Institute was the closest it has ever been to solving the problems within itself, and its Department as a whole… New budget cuts in 2025 threaten this progress, but the school that trains diplomats is showing peerless resolve.
This thesis tells the history of language training and occupational education for diplomats and other foreign affairs personnel. In that history, corruption is exposed, the civil service is professionalized, standards are introduced, and not only is the development of the Foreign Service Institute delivered in a way never before seen in academia; but the ongoings of FSI today in 2025 are written on paper for the first time, ever
FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRAINING IN THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE: AN EXOTIC SKILL THAT WAS HARD TO OBTAIN IS NOW A MONSTER THAT IS HARD TO CONTAIN
Full text linkFew Americans know what diplomats even do, which means that even fewer Americans know how they are trained. The people could be forgiven, though- In the year 1906, The Department of State sent the same ambassador to China as the Congo because ambassadors were assigned alphabetically. In the 1950s, things were only marginally better: the Secretary of State, the U.S.’s top diplomat, did not know how many embassy workers in Paris spoke French. Knowing that, one would find it hard to take seriously the Foreign Service Institute, the school that trains America’s diplomatic and consular workforce… despite its best efforts. In reality, the FSI has been on a path of constant improvement since its very inception. After all, it is indeed the place where the officials in the State Department learned their lessons. Some problems in the Department of State are as modern as the times; but others are as old as the nation itself. Diplomats in the United States today are still going out into the field without the skills they need. Some of them do not even speak the language of the country to which they are assigned. Worse still- those at the top of the Department of State have all the knowledge they need to solve the problem; they just lack the budget and the manpower to get it done. In 2024, the Foreign Service Institute was the closest it has ever been to solving the problems within itself, and its Department as a whole… New budget cuts in 2025 threaten this progress, but the school that trains diplomats is showing peerless resolve.
This thesis tells the history of language training and occupational education for diplomats and other foreign affairs personnel. In that history, corruption is exposed, the civil service is professionalized, standards are introduced, and not only is the development of the Foreign Service Institute delivered in a way never before seen in academia; but the ongoings of FSI today in 2025 are written on paper for the first time, ever
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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