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Hypersensitivity reactions to medicinal products and the types of shock
Get PDFTeoretična izhodišča: diplomirana medicinska sestra ali zdravstvenik sta osebi, ki preživita največ časa pri bolniku in zato morata s svojimi znanji, izkušnjami, opazovanjem ugotoviti, da se pri bolniku slabša zdravstveno stanje in pravilno ukrepati z uporabo različnih medicinskih pripomočkov in tehnik v korist bolnika. Bolnika vedno obravnavata holistično, saj se šok razvija nekaj ur ali pa se razvije akutno. Pravočasna prepoznava spremenjenega zdravstvenega stanja pripomore k zmanjšanim okvaram in bolj kakovostnemu življenju bolnika. Zdravnik vedno vodi tim zdravstvene nege in je posledično odgovoren za bolnika in njegovo nadaljnjo skrb. V vseh situacijah se morata medicinska sestra ali zdravstvenik ravnati vestno in odgovorno ter upoštevati meje svojih kompetenc.
Raziskovalne metode: v diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno (opisno) metodo dela za opisovanje obstoječih stanj in dejstev in metodo kompilacije s povzemanjem znanj, stališč in mnenj slovenske in tuje strokovne literature različnih avtorjev. Pri raziskovanju se bomo oprli na predpostavke dosedanjih raziskav s področja preobčutljivostnih reakcij na zdravila, vrste šokovnih stanj v katerih se lahko posameznik znajde, in bolj podrobno opisali anafilaktični šok in zdravljenje. Omejitve pri raziskovanju nam predstavljajo plačljivi članki, do katerih imamo omejen dostop, ter dobri strokovni članki, ki so brez avtorjev in letnice nastanka.
Rezultati: raziskave kažejo, da se preobčutljivostne reakcije na zdravila pojavijo pri 10-20% hospitaliziranih bolnikov in 7% pri splošni populaciji. Preobčutljivost nastane predvsem zaradi toksičnosti ali farmakoloških učinkov zdravil. Anafilaksijo lahko doživi vsak in stopnja okrevanja je odvisna od hitre, pravilne obravnave, pravilne aplikacije zdravil in pravilnega položaja bolnika.
Diskusija in zaključek: skozi diplomsko nalogo smo ugotovili, da preobčutljivosti na zdravila predstavljajo resen problem. Preobčutljivost lahko povzročajo tudi pomožne snovi in dovzetnost bolnika do njih. Največ reakcij povzročajo antibiotiki, aspirin, nesteroidni antirevmatiki, mišični relaksanti in kontrastna sredstva. Pri šokovnih stanjih imata medicinska sestra ali zdravstvenik ključno vlogo pri hitri prepoznavi znakov in s pravilnim ukrepanjem preprečita nadaljnjo škodo.Theoretical background: A nurse is the person whom the patient spends the most time with and their knowledge and experience are crucial in determining whether the patient is developing a shock reaction or if their medical condition is worsening and correctly helping the patient through the use of medical equipment and treatment techniques. In cases of shock reaction, a holistic treatment is crucial as the shock could take several hours or it develops acutely. If the nurse recognizes the patient in shock in time, it is more likely for that patient to survive and not to develop irreversible injuries. In all degraded shocks and hypersensitivity reactions to drugs it is the doctor who leads a team of health-care personnel and they are thereafter responsible for the patient and his further care. In such situations, the nurse\u27s obligation is to act conscientiously, responsibly, and within the limits of their expertise.
Research methods: Throughout this work we employed the descriptive method in describing current states and facts pertaining to the fields of health and medical care as well as the compilation method in connecting scientific knowledge and point of view, as well as expert opinions of both, domestic and foreign literature from multiple authors. In our research, we learned from the assumptions of the latest findings in the fields of hypersensitivity reactions to medical products, types of shocks, and deterioration of health condition. We also placed greater focus on anaphylactic shock specifically. Science articles behind a paywall, good articles that lack authorship or year of publication, and obsolete literature imposed some restrictions on our research.
Results: studies has have shown that hypersensitivity reactions to medical products occur in 10-20% of hospitalized patients and in 7% of the general population. Hypersensitivity reactions can also appear due to expected side effects of pharmacological and toxic effects of medicines. Anaphylactic shock can occur in every individual. The possibility of recovery depends on speedy treatment, correct application of medication, and correct position of the patient.
Discussion and conclusion: Throughout this work we discovered that hypersensitivity reactions to medical products are a serious problem. Hypersensitivity reactions may also be caused by auxiliary substances and a patient\u27s susceptibility to them. Most hypersensitivity reactions are caused by antibiotics, aspirin, nonsteroidal antirheumatic, muscle relaxation, and contrast funds. Nurses play a crucial role in recognizing the symptoms and signs exhibited by patients experiencing shock. Time is also of the essence as acting quickly can prevent the shock from worsening the patient\u27s condition
Evaluation of first-aid immobilisation for upper limb bone and joint injuries
No full textUvod: Zgornja okončina je najaktivnejši in najmanj zaščiteni del telesa, ki opravlja številne funkcije. Posledično poškodbe zgornje okončine predstavljajo največji delež med vsemi poškodbami. Ob poškodbi je pomembno, da v okviru prve pomoči s pravilno imobilizacijo zagotovimo ustrezno oporo poškodovanemu udu, dokler poškodovanec ne dobi ustrezne strokovne oskrbe. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je bil ugotoviti, kakšno je znanje dajalcev prve pomoči (laikov) v zvezi z oskrbo dejanskih poškodb kosti in sklepov zgornje okončine. Metode: Uporabili smo kvalitativno metodo dela – analizo slik. Predhodno smo v uvodnem delu uporabili metodo kompilacije s povzemanjem znanj, stališč in mnenj slovenskih in tujih avtorjev o obravnavni tematiki. Za analizo slik smo kot merski instrument izdelali ocenjevalni list, ki je sledil zasnovi ocenjevanja oskrbe poškodb na preverjanjih usposobljenosti ekip prve pomoči in je prirejen glede na aktualne smernice za imobilizacijo zgornje okončine. Drugi sklop podatkov smo zbrali s pomočjo namensko oblikovanega anonimnega vprašalnika za poškodovance. Rezultati: Vzorec je zajemal 50 poškodovancev, pregledanih v Urgentnem kirurškem bloku Univerzitetnega kliničnega centra v Ljubljani. Povprečno število točk, ki so jih po naših merilih dosegli dajalci prve pomoči pri izvedeni imobilizaciji (M = 3,68 točkeSD = 1,671 točke), je pod srednjo vrednostjo ocenjevalne lestvice. Statistično pomembne razlike smo ugotovili v subjektivni oceni bolečine poškodovancev na vizualni analogni skali pred imobilizacijo in po njej (Z = -4,937p < 0,001 < 0,05). Osebe, ki so pogosteje v stiku z vsebinami prve pomoči, so bolje oskrbele poškodovano okončino kot laiki, ki tega stika nimajo (MW = 166p < 0,001 < 0,05). Razprava in zaključek: Spodbudno je, da dajalci prve pomoči uporabljajo za imobilizacijo zgornje okončine enostavne pripomočke iz kompleta prve pomoči. Glede na postavljena merila so pri oceni oskrbe poškodb kosti zgornje okončine dosegli podpovprečno število točk. Hkrati smo ugotovili, da se je bolečina pri večini poškodovancev po imobilizaciji glede na izhodiščno stanje zmanjšala. Na osnovi tega zaključujemo, da je v primeru poškodb kosti zgornje okončine bolje narediti povprečno imobilizacijo, kot da imobilizacije sploh ne naredimo. Osebe, ki so bolj v stiku z vsebinami prve pomoči, naredijo boljšo imobilizacijo, kar je pričakovano. Na tečajih prve pomoči je treba laike usposobiti za izvedbo kakovostne imobilizacije.Introduction: The upper extremities are the most active and the least protected body parts, performing many functions. As a result, upper limbs account for the largest share of all injuries. In the event of an injury, it\u27s important that first aid immobilization is done correctly and provides adequate support to the injured limb until the injured person receives appropriate professional care. Purpose: The master\u27s thesis aimed to determine the knowledge first aiders (non-specialists without a medical background) have regarding first aid for upper limb bone and joint injuries. Methods: We used a qualitative method – image analysis. In the introductory part, we used the compilation method to summarize Slovenian and foreign authors\u27 knowledge, points of view, and opinions on the topic. For the image analysis, we developed a scorecard. It followed the concept of care assessment of injuries in first aid competency tests and was adapted to the current guidelines for upper limb immobilization. We collected the second dataset using a purpose-designed anonymous questionnaire for injured people. Results: The sample consisted of 50 injured patients examined in the Emergency Surgical Block of the University Medical Centre in Ljubljana. The average number of points achieved by first responders for the immobilization (M = 3.68 pointsSD = 1.671 points) is below the median value. Statistically significant differences were found in the subjective assessment of injured patients\u27 pain based on a visual analog scale before and after immobilization (Z = -4.937p < 0.001 < 0.05). People who are more often in contact with the first-aid content provided better care for injured limbs than people who are not (MW = 166p < 0.001 < 0.05). Discussion and conclusion: It is encouraging that first aiders use simple tools from a first aid kit to immobilize upper limbs. They have achieved below-average scores according to upper limb bone injury care assessment. At the same time, we found that the pain of most injured patients decreased from baseline after the immobilization. This led to the conclusion that for upper limb bone injuries, average immobilization is better than no immobilization. As expected, people with more knowledge about first aid do a better job of immobilization. First aid courses should train non-specialists to perform proper and good-quality immobilization
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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