1,720,965 research outputs found
Dynamic alterations in T-lymphocyte subsets assessed by flow cytometry in chickens following exposure to infectious bursal disease virus: A systematic review
Full text linkInfectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a significant pathogen in poultry, causing acute immunosuppressive disease in young chickens. While B-lymphocyte involvement in IBDV pathogenesis is known, the role of T-cells is incompletely understood. This systematic review presents the alterations in chicken T-lymphocyte subsets after IBDV exposure, assessed by flow cytometry analysis. Four databases were queried for identifying eligible studies focused on experimental infections measuring T-lymphocyte changes in the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Of 488 studies found, 25 met the pre-established criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis of results. Most studies analysed T-lymphocyte responses during the acute phase of IBDV infection, primarily focusing on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Other subsets, such as γδ T-cells and double-positive CD4+CD8+ T-cells, were less frequently investigated. An increase in T-lymphocytes was noted in the bursa of Fabricius, suggesting their active role in viral clearance. In the spleen, CD4+ T-cells commonly increased, while CD8+ responses varied among studies. Increased levels in T-cells were also noted during the chronic infection in the bursa of Fabricius, possibly due to persistent viral antigens. Overall, variations in flow cytometry methods and T-cell output reporting were noted among studies. Based on the data collected, further investigation into diverse T-cell subpopulations beyond CD4+ and CD8+ is needed, as well as the standardization of flow cytometry assays in chickens
Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis in Broiler Chickens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Full text linkSalmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis poses a growing threat to public health, due to its increasing prevalence worldwide and its association with high levels of antimicrobial resistance. Among livestock, S. Infantis is especially isolated from broilers. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was conducted by searching in three databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed) for English-language studies (1957–2023) that reported the prevalence of S. Infantis in broiler farms. Eligible studies included epidemiological investigations conducted in broiler chickens by sampling the house environment (flock-level prevalence) or the birds (individual-level prevalence). A random-effect model was applied to calculate S. Infantis pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Furthermore, to assess between-study heterogeneity, the inconsistency index statistic (I2) was calculated. Among 537 studies retrieved, a total of 9 studies reporting flock-level prevalence of S. Infantis and 4 reporting individual-level prevalence were retained for analysis. The flock-level pooled prevalence was estimated to be 9% (95% CI: 1–26%) and a high between-study heterogeneity was found (I2 = 99%, p < 0.01). Concerning individual-level prevalence, a meta-analysis was not performed due to the scarcity of eligible studies. The data presented underscore the significant occurrence of S. Infantis in broilers at the farm level. By summarizing the existing literature, this work provides useful insights for conducting future surveys of Salmonella spp. in live broiler chickens as a preliminary step for developing more efficient control strategies
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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