169,865 research outputs found
Models for oscillations in plants
No full textIonic relations of plant cells comprise enzymes such as channels, pumps and co-transporters that catalyse the transition of ions through lipid membranes and, therefore, affect the membrane voltage. Since the activity of most of these enzymes is voltage dependent, these enzymes interact with each other via voltage changes. The temporal patterns of these interactions include oscillations. Models are presented here that simulate such oscillations based on physical properties of the ion transporters. Three oscillating scenarios are focussed on. Model A is adequate for short-term episodes. In model B, the external concentration of the ions is constant. This model, which applies e.g. to algae and single cells under experimental conditions, displays electric oscillations, just as model A, but also osmotic oscillations in which the internal ion concentrations play an essential role. Finally, model C applies to parenchyma cells in planta, where ion fluxes across the plasmalemma cause major concentration changes in the small apoplastic volume. In this model, internal and external buffering of ions is accounted for. For model C, it is assumed that the total quantities of substrates are constant, and portions of them are redistributed between different compartments. Oscillations of the model C are relatively rare. In most cases, model C approaches a steady state where K+ is in thermodynamic equilibrium
Models for oscillations in plants
No full textIonic relations of plant cells comprise enzymes such as channels, pumps and co-transporters that catalyse the transition of ions through lipid membranes and, therefore, affect the membrane voltage. Since the activity of most of these enzymes is voltage dependent, these enzymes interact with each other via voltage changes. The temporal patterns of these interactions include oscillations. Models are presented here that simulate such oscillations based on physical properties of the ion transporters. Three oscillating scenarios are focussed on. Model A is adequate for short-term episodes. In model B, the external concentration of the ions is constant. This model, which applies e.g. to algae and single cells under experimental conditions, displays electric oscillations, just as model A, but also osmotic oscillations in which the internal ion concentrations play an essential role. Finally, model C applies to parenchyma cells in planta, where ion fluxes across the plasmalemma cause major concentration changes in the small apoplastic volume. In this model, internal and external buffering of ions is accounted for. For model C, it is assumed that the total quantities of substrates are constant, and portions of them are redistributed between different compartments. Oscillations of the model C are relatively rare. In most cases, model C approaches a steady state where K+ is in thermodynamic equilibrium
Three types of membrane excitations in the marine diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii
No full textThree types of electrical excitation have been investigated in the marine diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii. I: Depolarization-triggered, transient Cl- conductance, G(Cl)(t), followed by a transient, voltage-gated K+ conductance, G(K), with an active state a and two inactive states i(1) and i(2) in series (a-i(1)-i(2)). II: Similar C-Cl(t) as in Type-I but triggered by hyperpolarization; a subsequent increase of G(K) in this type is indicated but not analyzed in detail. III: Hyperpolarization-induced transient of a voltage-gated activity of an electrogenic pump (i(2)-a-i(3)), followed by G(Cl)(t) as in Type-IT excitations. Type-III with pump Sating is novel as such, G(Cl)(t) in all types seems to reflect the mechanism of InsP(3)(-); and Ca2+-mediated G(Cl)(t) in the action potential in Chara (Biskup et al., 1999). The nonlinear current-voltage-time relationships of Type-I and Type-III excitations have been recorded under voltage-clamp using single saw-tooth command voltages (voltage range: -200 to +50 mV, typical slope: +/-1 Vs(-1)). Fits of the: corresponding models to the experimental data provided numerical values of the model parameters. The statistical significance of these solutions is investigated. We suggest that the original function of electrical excitability of biological membranes is related to osmoregulation which has persisted through evolution in plants, whereas the familiar and osmotically neutral action potentials in animals have evolved later towards the novel function of rapid transmission of information over long distances
Evaluation and Standardisation as a Practical Technique of Administration. The Example Diptheria-Serum
No full textHüntelmann AC. Evaluation and Standardisation as a Practical Technique of Administration. The Example Diptheria-Serum. In: Gradmann C, Simon J, eds. Evaluations. Standardising Pharmaceutical Agents 1890-1960. Basingstoke: Palgrave; 2010: 31-51
Fast, Triangular Voltage Clamp for Recording and Kinetic Analysis of an Ion Transporter Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes
No full textAbstractWe present a procedure for determination of 11 system parameters of an ion transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The experiments consist of fast triangular voltage-clamp experiments in the presence and absence of external substrate. A four-state enzymatic cycle operating between an external and an internal section of electrodiffusion is used for analysis. The explicit example treats experiments with the fungal 2H+-NO3− symporter EnNRT, a member of the major superfamily transporters. The results comprise a density of ≈150fmol functional transporter molecules per oocyte, a gross charge number zE≈−0.3 of the empty binding site of the enzyme, individual rate constants for reorientation of the empty and occupied binding site in the range of 5–500s−1, electrical access sections between bulk solutions and reaction cycle of ∼3% inside and 15% outside, an increase of internal NO3− at the plasma membrane from ∼0.5 to ∼2mM during exposure to external NO3−, and KD≈0.3μM3 inside and KD≈3μM3 outside in binding the triplicate substrate (2H++NO3−). The results compare well with the known structure of the lactose permease, another major superfamily transporter
Impact of osmolytes on buoyancy of marine phytoplankton
No full textMarine phytoplanktonic cells can achieve neutral buoyancy only if the excess density of their relatively heavy structural materials (proteins, carbohydrates, silicate) is compensated for by the incorporation of materials that have densities less than seawater. We have calculated densities and osmotic concentrations for several marine algae, based on published values of structural materials and concentrations of inorganic ions and other osmolytes. The calculations, incorporating the partial molal volume, molecular mass, concentrations and osmotic coefficients, indicate that most published listings of intracellular osmolytes in marine algae are insufficient to provide the turgor known to exist. Similarly, the density of phytoplanktonic cells, calculated on the basis of known or estimated concentrations of cellular components, generally exceeds the density of seawater, which would cause negative buoyancy (sinking) throughout. We use models of osmotic concentration and cellular density in which we supplement known concentrations of osmolytes with proxy osmolytes. In particular, concentrations of some 100 mol m(-3) of quaternary ammonium derivatives can explain the deficits of both osmotic concentration and buoyancy
Current-voltage-time records of ion translocating enzymes
No full textMembrane currents, as non-linear functions of membrane voltage, V, and time, t, can be recorded quickly by triangular V protocols. From the differences, dI(V,t), of these relationships upon addition of a putative substrate of a charge-translocating membrane protein, the I(V,t) relationships of the transporter itself can be determined. These relationships likely comprise a steady-state component, I-a(V), of the active transporter, and a dynamic component, p(a)(V,t), Of its V- and time-dependent activity, p(a). Here, the steady-state component is modeled by a central reaction cycle, which senses a fraction delta(tr) of the total V, whereas 1-delta(tr) can be assigned to an inner and outer pore section with delta(i) and delta(o), respectively (delta(i)+delta(tr)+delta(o)= 1). For the enzymatic cycle, fast binding/debinding is assumed, plus V-sensitive and insensitive reaction steps which may become rate limiting for charge translocation. At given substrate concentrations, I-a(V) is defined by eight independent system parameters, including a coefficient for the barrier shape of charge translocation. In ordinary cases, the behavior of p(a)(V,t) can be described by two rate constants (for activation and inactivation) and their respective V-sensitivity coefficients. Here, the effects of the individual system parameters on I(V,t) from triangular V-clamp experiments are investigated systematically. The results are illustrated by panels of typical curve shapes for non-gated and gated transporters to enable a first classification of mechanisms. We demonstrate that all system parameters can be determined fairly well by fitting the model to "experimental" data of known origin. Applicability of the model to channels, pumps and cotransporters is discussed
Apparent charge of binding site in ion-translocating enzymes: kinetic impact
No full textRecently, we presented a general scope for the nonlinear electrical properties of enzymes E which catalyze translocation of a substrate S with charge number z(S) through lipid membranes (Boyd et al. J. Membr. Biol. 195:1-12, 2003). In this study, the voltage sensitivity of the enzymatic reaction cycle has been assigned to one predominant reversible reaction step, i.e. the reorientation of either E or ES in the electric field, leaving the reorientation of the alternate state (ES or E) electro-neutral, respectively. With this simplification, the steady-state current-voltage relationships (IV) assumed saturation kinetics like in Michaelis-Menten systems. Here, we introduce an apparent charge number z(E) of the unoccupied binding site of the enzyme, which accounts for the impact of all charged residues in the vicinity of the physical binding site. With this more realistic concept, the occupied binding site assumes an apparent charge Of z(ES) = z(E) + z(S), and IV does not saturate any more in general, but exponentially approaches infinite or zero current for large voltage displacements from equilibrium. These nonlinear characteristics are presented here explicitly. They are qualtitatively explained in a mechanistic way, and are illustrated by simple examples. We also demonstrate that the correct determination of the model parameter from experimental data is still possible after incorporating z(E) and its corollaries into the previous model of enzyme-mediated ion translocation
Das Vergnügen des Landmanns
No full textJ. Miel pinx. ; J. C. Nabholz sculp.Bildbeschriftung: "Das Vergnügen des Landmanns.", "N.o. 18. 2."Herstellungsangaben: "J. Miel pinx.", "J. C. Nabholz sculp. 1779.", "Joh. Gradmann exc. A. V.
Changing Regulations and Risk Assessments. National Responses to the Introduction of Inactivated Polio Vaccine
No full textLindner U. Changing Regulations and Risk Assessments. National Responses to the Introduction of Inactivated Polio Vaccine. In: Gradmann C, Simon J, eds. Wertbestimmung:Evaluating and Standardizing Therapeutic Agents 1890-1950. Houndsmills Basingstoke: Palgrave/Macmillan; 2010: 222-251
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