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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
An innovative oxytetracycline self-emulsifying formulation for fish diets: preparation,characterisation and oral bioavailability in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss)and in EuropeanSea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax)
No full textThe aim of this study was to develop a self-emulsifying system (SES) with practical applications in fish farming. In particular, the lipid vehicle
was developed in order to deliver oxytetracycline hydrocloride to rainbow trout (RT) and European sea bass (ESB) so as to improve the drug’ s
oral bioavailability. The developed formulation was assessed in comparison to an aqueous solution working with two fish species (one fresh-water
and one salt-water), after oral administration with a gastric probe. Results indicated an enhancement of bioavailability of 5.86 and 5.41 times
over the aqueous solution, in RT and ESB, respectively. SES was then used to prepare medicated feed containing the formulation. The pharmacokinetic
of this feed was evaluated after oral administration and compared to that of commercial OTC medicated feed. The bioavailability of OTC
delivered in SES was 3.2 times higher in RT and 2.7 times higher in ESB, than OTC supplied by commercial medicated feed. This bioavailability
enhancement was confirmed when RT were fed by classical administration in fish tanks of single and repeated administration of OTC delivered
in SES and commercial medicated feed, attesting to better absorption of the SES formulation
Development and pharmacokinetic evaluation of erythromycin lipidic formulations for oral administration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
No full textThe aim of this work was to enhance the bioavailability of erythromycin base when administered orally
in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Since erythromycin is normally given in the form of medicated
feed, in this study three new types of feed formulation were developed. A self-emulsifying system and
two types of double microemulsions (O/W/O) were prepared, characterized and adsorbed on a commercial
extruded diet for fish. The emulsified systems were based on saturated polyglycolized glycerides and
mono- and diglycerides of medium-chain fatty acids (as oily phase), Tween 80 (as surfactant) and, in the
case of double microemulsions, distilled water. The systems differed in percentage composition and for
the amount and position of erythromycin in different phases. The three medicated feed were then administered
orally by means of a gastric probe to rainbow trout and their relative bioavailability was estimated
in comparison with that obtained after oral administration of feed with erythromycin powder.
For each medicated feed, 80 fish were tested. Finally, plasma profiles of erythromycin after single administration
of medicated feeds were used to predict profiles obtainable by administering once-daily medicated
feeds for 7 consecutive days. The results proved that the feeds containing microemulsified
erythromycin provided largely superior oral bioavailability and the advantage of obtaining the same efficacy
against bacterial infections with a much lower dose of drug
A new chewing gum device suitable for children with enhanced bioavailability of herbal drug’s active components
No full textPreparation and in vitro/in vivo characterisation of a melt pelletised paracetamol/stearic acid sustained release delivery system
No full textThe potential of a sustained release formulation for paracetamol produced by melt pelletisation was investigated.
After the production of the pellets, based on the combination of stearic acid as a melting binder and anhydrous lactose as a
filler, the 3000–2000 μm size fraction was selected in the light of the promising in vitro dissolution results for further characterisations,
including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), specific surface area and
true density determination. Hence the release mechanism was analysed with the help of an appropriate mathematical model.
The mathematical model was built on the hypotheses that drug diffusion and solid drug dissolution in the release environment
are the key phenomena affecting drug release kinetics. Bioavailability of the developed formulation was evaluated in an in vivo
study in eight subject
Pharmacokinetics and immunomodulatory effects of phytotherapeutic lozenges (bonbons) withEchinacea purpurea extract
No full textThe relative bioavailability of the major alkamides, dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides, from
Echinacea purpurea phytotherapeutic lozenges at three different dose levels (0.07, 0.21 and 0.9 mg) was evaluated in a
pharmacokinetic study in humans and the possible effects on the immunological system were measured. Alkamides
were found to be rapidly absorbed and measurable in plasma 10 min after administration of 0.21 and 0.9 mg lozenges
and remained detectable for 3 h for the 0.21 mg lozenges and for more then 3 h for the 0.9 mg lozenges; 0.07 mg
lozenges were measurable 20 min after administration and remained detectable for only 2 h after the administration.
A significant dose-independent down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12p70, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10 and
TNF was observed 24 h after oral administration. The results of non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis
revealed that a Cmax of (0.6570.41 ng/ml) was reached at 32 min with the 0.07 mg lozenges, (1.0070.21 ng/ml) at
25 min with the 0.21 mg lozenges and (8.8875.89 ng/ml) at 19 with the 0.9 mg lozenges. As evidenced by the doseexposure
relationship, no significant departure from dose proportionality was observed, indicating linearity in
pharmacokinetics. To get a further insight in pharmacokinetics of dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic isobutylamides
a compartmental population pharmacokinetic model was developed applying mixed effect modelling procedure. The
results demonstrate that within the dose range studied pharmacokinetics of dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic
isobutylamides are linear and that absorption is very rapid (t1/2 1⁄4 6 min) with apparently no lag time, thus indicating
the possibility that a fraction of the drug is absorbed through the oral mucosa
An innovative oxytetracycline self-emulsifying formulation for fish diets: preparation, characterisation and oral bioavailability in rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) and in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
No full textThe aim of this study was to develop a self-emulsifying system (SES) with practical applications in fish farming. In particular, the lipid vehicle
was developed in order to deliver oxytetracycline hydrocloride to rainbow trout (RT) and European sea bass (ESB) so as to improve the drug’ s
oral bioavailability. The developed formulation was assessed in comparison to an aqueous solution working with two fish species (one fresh-water
and one salt-water), after oral administration with a gastric probe. Results indicated an enhancement of bioavailability of 5.86 and 5.41 times
over the aqueous solution, in RT and ESB, respectively. SES was then used to prepare medicated feed containing the formulation. The pharmacokinetic
of this feed was evaluated after oral administration and compared to that of commercial OTC medicated feed. The bioavailability of OTC
delivered in SES was 3.2 times higher in RT and 2.7 times higher in ESB, than OTC supplied by commercial medicated feed. This bioavailability
enhancement was confirmed when RT were fed by classical administration in fish tanks of single and repeated administration of OTC delivered
in SES and commercial medicated feed, attesting to better absorption of the SES formulation
Development and pharmacokinetic evaluation of erythromycin lipidic formulations for oral administratiom in rainbow trout (O. mykiss)
No full textThe aim of this work was to enhance the bioavailability of erythromycin base when administered orally in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Since erythromycin is normally given in the form of medicated feed, in this study three new types of feed formulation were developed. A self-emulsifying system and two types of double microemulsions (O/W/O) were prepared, characterized and adsorbed on a commercial extruded diet for fish. The three medicated feed were then administered orally by means of a gastric probe to rainbow trout and their relative bioavailability was estimated in comparison with that obtained after oral administration of feed with erythromycin powder. For each medicated feed, 80 fish were tested. Finally, plasma profiles of erythromycin after single administration of medicated feeds were used to predict profiles obtainable by administering once-daily medicated feeds for 7 consecutive days
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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