122,599 research outputs found
Contribution of enzymes from rennet, starter bacteria and milk to proteolysis and flavour development in Gouda cheese
No full textA method for the aseptic manufacture of cheeses, free either from rennet or from rennet and starter, is described, allowing the action of starter bacteria and milk protease to be studied without the interference of rennet. These cheeses, together with aseptic starter-free cheeses, were used to elucidate the contribution of rennet, starter bacteria and milk protease to breakdown of protein and to development of bitterness and cheese flavour during ripening of Gouda cheese. Their combined action was studied in normal aseptic cheeses, allowing the estimation of possible interactions. Different amounts of enclosed rennet and different starter cultures, either 'bitter' or 'non-bitter', were used in the cheeses. Proteolysis was characterized by different analytical methods
Alboglossiphonia levis Gouda, 2010, n. sp.
No full textAlboglossiphonia levis n. sp. Holotype: 7 mm long and 3 mm wide specimen from Al-Sont canal, Assiut, Egypt. BM (NH) 2007. 66– 68. deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), London. Paratypes: Five specimens from the same locality; three dissected and two sectioned are deposited in The Educational Museum for the Egyptian Fauna (DEMEF), Assiut University, Department of Zoology. Code number: 1 A 1 H 1194. Etymology: levis is Latin for smooth, due to the absence of papillae on the surface of the leech body. Diagnosis: Greenish in color, sluggish. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body were smooth without papillae. Three pairs of eyes, diffuse salivary cells, gonopores separated by two annuli and 4 pairs of testisacs. Proboscis stout, seven pairs of crop caeca, anus opened dorsally at the furrow between annuli 72 / 73 leaving one annulus behind. Description: Body shape (Figs. 1 –3): Body ovate-lanceolate, dorsum arched, venter flat. Head with nuchal constriction (Fig. 1 b), anterior sucker was cupuliform with thickened margin; proboscis pore small and opened in the centre of the sucker. Posterior sucker small, circular; its diameter less than one third of maximum body width and directed ventrally. Preserved specimens; 5 to 8 mm long and 2 to 3 mm wide. Color and pigmentation (Fig. 1 a): Ground color greenish with deep green chromatophores arranged in irregular pattern dorsally. Venter appeared much lighter in color. Annulation (Fig. 2 a): The total number of annuli was 73 from the dorsum. I uniannulate and comparatively large, II uniannulate, III triannulate, there was nuchal constriction on IV/V. IV–XXV completely triannulate. XXVI biannulate and XXVII uniannulate. Eyes (Figs. 2 b–f): Three pairs, first pair coalesced medially in IV, eyes of the second and third pairs are widely separated from each other, but eyes of consecutive pairs are coalesced at the furrow IV/V. Beside the normal pattern in fig. 2 b (about 70 % of examined leeches), there were different ocular patterns (Figs. 2 b–f). Papillae: Both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body smooth and without papillae, except for some minute salivary papillae found in the hollow of the anterior sucker. Gonopores (Figs. 3 a, 5 a): Male pore at a 3 XI /a 1 XII and female pore at a 2 /a 3 XII. Gonopores are separated by two annuli. Digestive system (Fig. 2 a): Proboscis pore small and found in the centre of the anterior sucker; proboscis cylindrical, stout and relatively short, in relaxed specimens reaches to four complete somites length. Esophagus short and straight, about two segments in length (XIII–XIV), no esophageal organ. Salivary cells are diffused from XI to XV. Crop extended from XV to XIX; seven pairs of crop caeca; first six pairs from XV to XVIII are bilobed, directed laterally and confined to their respective somites. The seventh pair in XIX is elongated, deflected posterior and lateral to the intestine reaching to XXIII; each with several secondary lobes. Intestine with four pairs of unlobed lateral intestinal caeca from XX to XXII. Hind gut saccate, rectum narrow, tapering into anus which opened dorsally at furrow XXVI/XXVII, leaving one annulus in behind Reproductive system (Figs. 3 a, b). Male: Four pairs of testisacs which are intersegmentally arranged at XIII/XIV to XVI/XVII. These testisacs could only be clearly detected in serial longitudinal sections (Fig. 3 b). Vas deferens looped; ejaculatory ducts extended forward, then, both cornua united to form the atrium that opened finally into the male pore at XI a 3 / XII a 1. Female: Two thin-walled ovisacs, extending in brooding specimens posteriorly to XIX. Both ovisacs united anteriorly into a relatively elongated atrium which ended to the female pore at a 2 /a 3 XII. Life history (Figs. 4–5). Reproductive activity in Alboglossiphonia levis is externally marked by swelling of the tissues surrounding the gonopores forming opaque, white and dome shaped elevations around both male and female gonopores (Fig. 5 a). In the laboratory, A. levis was found to be semelparous, it reproduced only once before death. In the field, it could be collected, only, from December to February where the canal water was shallow since it hidden within the mud of the bottom. It was observed that many of the leeches, collected from the field, were carrying embryos during the three months; December, January and February. The number of eggs within the transparent ovisacs ranged from 13 to 25. Fertilized eggs are deposited individually, each attached to the parent's venter by the attachment organ, later, they develop into hatchlings attached to the parent’s venter by their posterior suckers. FIGURE 3. Alboglossiphonia levis n. sp. a) Ventral dissection showing reproductive systems in situ; mouth opening (m), anterior sucker (as), male gonopore (mg), atrial horn (h), ejaculatory duct (ej), vas deferens (vd), four pairs of testisacs (t 1 –t 4), female gonopore (fg), oviduct (od), ovisac (o), posterior sucker (ps); b) Longitudinal section through the mid-body region showing testisacs (t 1 -t 4). Scale bar = 1 mm. Copulation: In the laboratory, copulation couldn’t be detected but groups of mature leeches (15–40) were aggregated together; the dorsal body surface of the leech was covered by the ventral surface of the other. Laying egg (Fig. 4 a): In the laboratory, leeches that could lay eggs were 2.7 mg wet body weight (mean), while those in the field were 4.2 mg wet body weight. Fertilized eggs could be easily seen within the thin delicate ovisac through the transparent body wall. Before laying egg, the leech searched for a hard substrate as a stone, snail’s shell or even the wall of the jar and attached to it by its anterior and posterior suckers. Behind the anterior third of the body, the parent widened and had thin lateral margins which inflected downwards and inwards, forming a trough around the coming eggs to protect them. The anterior third of the body raised and constricted. Eggs were deposited individually; each egg was attached by a thin, flexible, transparent and short cord (Fig. 5 b). The diameter of the deposited egg was 250 μm (mean). The scanning electron microscopy revealed that egg’s surface was wrinkled with numerous minute pores (Figs. 5 b, c). Laying egg occurred at intervals, each one lasted some minutes, after which the parent rested for another minutes, then continued to lay the following egg. The eggs were arranged on the parent’s venter filling the region behind the gonopores and in front of the posterior sucker. Water current passed over the embryos on the parent’s venter by undulating ventilator movements of the lateral edges of the brooding leeches (Figs. 4 a, b). Laying eggs lasted about one to two days depending on the number of eggs laid (13– 25 eggs), affected by the amount of food and water temperature. While food was supplied in sufficient amounts during all stages of the experiment (ad libitum), the temperature was the factor affecting the reproduction. It was observed that during the egg laying period, the greater number of eggs (25 eggs) was laid at 28 o C, while the lesser number (13 eggs) was laid at 16 o C. Hatching (Figs. 4 b–d): Hatching occurred within ten to fifteen days after laying eggs (depending on the water temperature). Rounded eggs changed into more elliptical embryos, which developed attachment organs (Figs. 5 d, e) used to adhere themselves to the ventral body wall of the parent. They remained there, digested their own reserves of yolk and developed into hatchlings attached to the parent’s venter by their posterior suckers, until their final liberation (after another four weeks); the anterior ends were extended free for searching food. The hatchlings had well developed eyes, suckers and digestive tract. Green pigment cells could be easily observed through the transparent body wall. Thus, the young were ready to feed their first meal. Hatchlings body weight were about 1 –1.2 mg before taking their first post embryonic feeding. Just before laying egg, the parent stopped feeding and stayed resting till hatching, when the digestive tract and posterior sucker of the hatchlings developed and attached to the parent’s venter, then the parent searched for preys to feed its hatchlings. Parental care: The parent incubated the fertilized ova within its trough - like venter till hatching. During this period the brooded parent stopped feeding, moving, attached to the substrate and remained quiescent till hatching. The hatchlings attached to the parent’s venter by their posterior suckers while the rest of the body moved freely. After hatching, the parent started to crawl and search for prey, especially Tubifex sp. and small Allolobophora sp. (60 x 3 mm which was available only at shallow waters; where the present leeches could be found). Then, the parent attached itself on the prey’s body by its posterior sucker and closed its venter to enable its attached hatchlings of ingesting the body fluids of the prey by their proboscis. The ingested food was easily observed within the crop caeca through the transparent body wall of the hatchlings. It was observed that the young remained attached to the parent's venter for another four weeks after hatching, although these young are independent in their feeding. This resulted in much larger size of the young when they left their parent. Figure 6. Light photograph for feeding behavior showing 7 predatory leeches (arrowheads) feed on the annelid prey (asterisk). Note the reddish fluid within the gut of the fed leech (arrow). Feeding Habit: In the laboratory, Alboglossiphonia levis was found to be a liquidosomatophagous predatory leech; in which the proboscis sucked up body fluids and soft parts of the prey. It was noticed that A. levis was able to feed on any of the prey provided as gastropods namely: Bulinus sp., Physa sp., Limnaea sp. and Theodoxus sp., or the annelids Allolobophora sp. and Tubifex sp. although, the latter was preferred to the leech (Fig. 6). The brooding leeches which carried eggs didn't feed at all till hatching and seemed quiescent and attached to the jar's wall. A. levis is moved by inchworm crawling when they were hungry or carrying young. The latter behavior is considered, a foraging behavior, for searching prey to feed its young; as a part of the parental care. In laboratory studies the young were noticed clinging upside down, for a little time, by their anterior and posterior suckers, just below the water surface, moving in this manner, since they could not swim. This behavior happened after young left the parent and before they met the prey. In the laboratory, feeding habit of young after they left their parents was similar to that of the adult. Ecological Observations: A. levis was collected from December to February, from Al-Sont canal; a highly polluted drain in Assiut city, where water was shallow and there was an increase in its preys: The annelids (Tubifex sp. and Allobophora sp.), gastropods (Bulinus sp., Limnaea sp., Bellamya sp. and Theodoxus sp.). Also, some rotifers and a considerable number of arthropods as Daphnia sp., Cyclopidae, could be observed. The mean of various ecological parameters was recorded weekly as follows: The total dissolved salts (TDS): 155 ppm, pH: 6.8 and water temperature was 22 o C. In this drain, juvenile, mature and brooding mature A. levis were observed in considerable numbers. Other leeches were found with A. levis: Alboglossiphonia polypompholyx Oosthuizen, et al., 1988, Batracobdelloides tricarinata (Blanchard, 1897), Helobdella conifera (Moore, 1933), Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758), Babronia assiuti Hussein and El- Shimy, 1982 and Salifa delicata (Moore, 1939). A. levis was often sluggish, found on stones and snails’ shells when they are satiated or carrying eggs and moved by inchworm crawling when they were hungry or carrying young. It was noticed that A. levis was negatively phototropic, tending to be on the undersides of plastic sheets, in the umbilicus of snails’ shells and within mud away from the light. During rearing, some of the brooding A. levis were found to be attacked by the oomycete Saprolegnia hypogyna Pringsheim (1874) leading to the death of these leeches.Published as part of Gouda, Hanaa A., 2010, A new Alboglossiphonia species (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae) from Egypt: Description and life history data, pp. 46-56 in Zootaxa 2361 on pages 47-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19363
Expositio mysteriorum missae
No full textGuillelmus de GoudaBibliogr. Nachweis: Goff G619; C 2752; Voull(Köln) 524; Voull(Bonn) 511; Oates 826; Copinger 2752; Finger 493.Signaturformel: a8 b6 cd8. - Bl. 1 unbedruckt. Bl. 2a m. Sign. aij. a2r-d8v. Tractatus de exposic[i]o[n]e misse. Edit[us] a fratre guilhelmo de gouda ordinis mino[rum] de obseruantia feliciter incipit. - am Ende: Tractatul[us] Fratris Guilhelmi de gouda ordinis mino[rum] de obseruantia. de expositione misse. finit feliciter.GW 11889ISTC ig0061900
Gouda - Mallemolen
No full textArcheologische begeleiding bij de restauratie van de Mallemolen te Gouda. De watergangen van de molen worden vervangen, waarbij een profiel over de molenwerf zichtbaar zal woren. PvE opgesteld door Gemeente Gouda. ArcheoMedia projectnummer A09-070-N. Voorlopige resultaten (evaluatieverslag dd 30-11-2009) In een overleg te velde d.d. 8 september 2009 van de aannemer met monumentenzorg (gemeente Gouda, provincie Zuid Holland (/ RCE?) werd besloten de waterlopen niet te verwijderen, daar ze nog voldoende intact zijn om in situ en in functie behouden te laten. De beoogde Archeologische Begeleiding bij het uitgraven van het muurwerk en documenteren van het eronder gelegen vlak en het profiel door de molenwerf, komt hiermee te vervallen. Wel worden alle overige graafwerkzaamheden in en rond het vrijgraven van de waterloop begeleid (september 2009), waarbij archeologische waarnemingen (sporen) zijn gedaan en vondsten verzameld. In overleg met de gemeentelijk archeoloog is besloten ook de werkzaamheden t.b.v. het plaatsen van een nieuw kwelscherm (d.d. 09-11-2009) en het vrijgraven van de fundering van de molen (i.v.m. restauratie scheuren, d.d. 10-11-2009) in de begeleiding mee te nemen. Ook is het muurwerk aan de binnenzijde van de molen opgemeten (17-11-2009). Conclusies Tijdens de archeologische begeleiding zijn de verstoringen van de bodem gedocumenteerd. Er zijn geen sporen van een voorloper van de huidige molen waargenomen. De aangetroffen vondsten zijn met de grond van de molenwerf opgebracht en komen overeen met de datering van de bouw van de molen omstreeks 1800. Opvallende vondsten zijn gedaan in de vulling van de voor- en achterwaterloop. De voorwaterloop is (omstreeks 1900) gedempt met bouwpuin, waarin veel 17e-eeuws tegelmateriaal is aangetroffen. In de achterwaterloop is een stort van Gouds plateel aangetroffen (circa 1920-1950)
Expositio miste||riorum misse. et ver[us] mo-||dus rite celebrandi
No full text[Tractatus de expositione misse Editus a fratre|| Guilhelmo de Gouda ordinis minorum de obser||uantia felicter incipit ...]Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks im Kolophon: Colonie i[n] offici/||na pie memorie He[n]rici Que[n]tell a[n]no salut[is] M.ccccc.vi
Effective elimination of contaminant antibiotics using high-surface-area magnetic-functionalized graphene nanocomposites developed from plastic waste
No full textProvincialeweg 38, Gouda, gemeente Gouda
No full textADC ArcheoProjecten heeft in februari 2022 een inventariserend veldonderzoek uitgevoerd op de locatie Provincialeweg 38 in Gouda, gemeente Gouda. Het onderzoek bestond uit een verkennend en karterend booronderzoek. Vanwege de bebouwde staat van het plangebied bleek het in de praktijk niet mogelijk om de voorgestelde boortechniek voor het karterende booronderzoek toe te passen. Van slechts één boring (boring 6) is een monster genomen. Door de slappe consistentie van het sediment was het monstervolume onder de maat. De diepere ondergrond bestaat uit een afwisseling (rest)geul- en/of oeverafzettingen van de Gouderak/Zuidplas stroomgordel (Formatie van Echteld). Hierboven is een veenpakket en zijn wad- en kwelderafzettingen aanwezig. Boven de wad- en kwelderafzettingen is in een aantal boringen een restveenpakket aanwezig. Het grootste deel van het veenpakket is bij verveningen vanaf de Late Middeleeuwen is afgegraven. De veraarde top is het gevolg van de ligging aan het maaiveld na de vervening. Het veen is in boringen 1 en 3 volledige weggegraven, in deze boringen is de bodem tot in de top van de wad en/of kwelderafzettingen verstoord, tot een maximale diepte van 140 cm -mv. In boringen 4 tot en met 8 is nog restveenpakket aanwezig en is de top van de wad en/of kwelderafzettingen intact. Het pakket restgeulafzettingen en de onderkant van het veen uit boring 6 is bemonsterd en gezeefd over een zeef met een maaswijdte van 3 mm. Bestudering van het zeefresidu heeft geen archeologische indicatoren opgeleverd. Ondanks dat het onderzoek geen archeologische indicatoren heeft opgeleverd en de aangetroffen oeverafzettingen niet beschikken over een ontkalkte top die kan worden beschouwd als een potentieel archeologisch niveau, kan op basis van het uitgevoerde onderzoek de aanwezigheid van een archeologische vindplaats op en in de top van de afzettingen van de Gouderak/Zuidplas stroomgordel niet worden uitgesloten. ADC ArcheoProjecten adviseert om het karterende onderzoek naar vindplaatsen in de top van de oeverafzettingen van de Gouderak/Zuidplas stroomgordel buiten de boerderij uit te voeren
Provincialeweg 38, Gouda, gemeente Gouda
No full textADC ArcheoProjecten heeft in februari 2022 een inventariserend veldonderzoek uitgevoerd op de locatie Provincialeweg 38 in Gouda, gemeente Gouda. Het onderzoek bestond uit een verkennend en karterend booronderzoek. Vanwege de bebouwde staat van het plangebied bleek het in de praktijk niet mogelijk om de voorgestelde boortechniek voor het karterende booronderzoek toe te passen. Van slechts één boring (boring 6) is een monster genomen. Door de slappe consistentie van het sediment was het monstervolume onder de maat. De diepere ondergrond bestaat uit een afwisseling (rest)geul- en/of oeverafzettingen van de Gouderak/Zuidplas stroomgordel (Formatie van Echteld). Hierboven is een veenpakket en zijn wad- en kwelderafzettingen aanwezig. Boven de wad- en kwelderafzettingen is in een aantal boringen een restveenpakket aanwezig. Het grootste deel van het veenpakket is bij verveningen vanaf de Late Middeleeuwen is afgegraven. De veraarde top is het gevolg van de ligging aan het maaiveld na de vervening. Het veen is in boringen 1 en 3 volledige weggegraven, in deze boringen is de bodem tot in de top van de wad en/of kwelderafzettingen verstoord, tot een maximale diepte van 140 cm -mv. In boringen 4 tot en met 8 is nog restveenpakket aanwezig en is de top van de wad en/of kwelderafzettingen intact. Het pakket restgeulafzettingen en de onderkant van het veen uit boring 6 is bemonsterd en gezeefd over een zeef met een maaswijdte van 3 mm. Bestudering van het zeefresidu heeft geen archeologische indicatoren opgeleverd. Ondanks dat het onderzoek geen archeologische indicatoren heeft opgeleverd en de aangetroffen oeverafzettingen niet beschikken over een ontkalkte top die kan worden beschouwd als een potentieel archeologisch niveau, kan op basis van het uitgevoerde onderzoek de aanwezigheid van een archeologische vindplaats op en in de top van de afzettingen van de Gouderak/Zuidplas stroomgordel niet worden uitgesloten. ADC ArcheoProjecten adviseert om het karterende onderzoek naar vindplaatsen in de top van de oeverafzettingen van de Gouderak/Zuidplas stroomgordel buiten de boerderij uit te voeren
Aroma-sensory properties of Gouda cheeses based on young Chinese consumers' preferences
No full textABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to examine the aroma profiles of 12 Gouda cheeses sold in China and to determine which aromas were preferred by young Chinese consumers (n = 110). The consumers selected 11 descriptors of the aromas of the Gouda cheeses in a check-all-that-apply questionnaire. These 11 descriptors were used by a panel of experts for sensory analysis to perform a quantitative descriptive analysis of the cheeses. A principal component analysis of the data from the quantitative descriptive analysis revealed that the characteristic aromas of young Gouda cheeses, medium-aged Gouda cheeses, and aged Gouda cheeses were “milky” and “whey”; “creamy” and “sour”; and “rancid” and “nutty,” respectively. The results of a penalty analysis combined with the check-all-that-apply results and the preference scores showed that the 3 groups of young Chinese consumers (those who often ate cheese, occasionally ate cheese, and never ate cheese) preferred the Gouda cheeses with “milky” or “creamy” aromas and did not enjoy those with “sour” or “rancid” aromas. Occasional cheese eaters comprised the majority of the young Chinese consumers, and they were more tolerant of the Gouda cheeses with “whey” and “sulfury” aromas than those who often or never ate cheese. In addition, we identified a positive correlation between the consumers' preferences for the aromas of the Gouda cheeses and their willingness to pay for them. Overall, the results of this study should help promote the development of Gouda cheeses and associated products that meet the preferences of young Chinese consumers
Badanie tworzenia sie lotnych N-nitrozoamin w serach typu zulawski, gouda i edamski
No full textZulaw, Gouda and Edam cheeses were produced in a cheese dairy with the use of diversified addition of KN0 3 to milk in the amount of: 0.00 - 0.01 - 0.02 %. Occurrence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in all cheeses at the level 0.04-3.79 µg/k:g can be regarded as common. However, in some samples there were found locally high concentrations of NDMA ranging from 18.94 to 168.80 µg/k:g. Variance analysis of NDMA content in all cheeses showed that the amount of KN0 3 additive to milk did not influence the quantity ofNDMA. On the other hand, it was proved that the formation ofNDMA in Zulaw cheese was connected with the duration of its ripening. The quantity of NDMA as a time function c:an be expressed by the equation y=a+bx (a=0.182; b=l.202x 10- 2; error probability = l.192x 10- 1) which is met for about 40 % of observed NDMA content variability in Zulaw cheese. The formation of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA1 N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDEA1 N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA1 N-nitrosopiperidine (N-PIP), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (N-PYR) and N-nitrosomorpholine (N-MOR) was occasional and was not related with KN0 3 additive to milk but rather with the degree of cheese ripeness. During the experiments a certain N-nitroso compound was found in Gouda and Edam cheese which has not been described so far and the retention time of which was between those ofNDEA and NDPA
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