76 research outputs found
Speech Perception Assessment Practices Among Audiologists in India: A Preliminary Survey
No full textAssessment of speech perception is an important aspect of clinical audiology practice. The profession of audiology is about 50 years old in India. However, there is no published information available about speech perception assessment practices implemented by audiologists in the country. The present study is a small scale survey of audiologists involving 59 respondents working in various settings in India. The survey was conducted via e-mail and social networking website. Analysis indicates that about 70% respondents conduct speech testing routinely, though only about 50% test through audition-only and through the audiometer. The results indicate considerable variability in aspects such as presentation level, speech stimuli and tests used, setting used for testing, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio used for testing in noise. 85% respondents prefer presenting stimuli through monitored live voice for children. Word Recognition Score is the most commonly used measure, while HINT and SPIN are the tests commonly used for testing in noise. A majority of respondents feel the need for developing language-independent test material for both children and adults. Reportedly, the major impediments in conducting speech testing include non-availability of standard sound treated rooms, lack of access to sophisticated audiometers, lack of time and non-availability of standard test material in the various languages spoken in the country. The main limitation of the survey is that 73% of the respondents were from western India and hence the results cannot be generalized to the population of audiologists across the country. Despite its limitations, this study may be considered as a preliminary survey providing valuable information about speech perception assessment practices among audiologists in India
Emissions Input Data
No full textThis directory contains emissions input fields used to drive simulations utilized in Persad, G. The Dependence of Aerosols’ Global and Local Precipitation Impacts on Emitting Region (submitted, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics) and published in Persad, G. G. & Caldeira, K. Divergent global-scale temperature effects from identical aerosols emitted in different regions. Nature Communications 9, 3289 (2018). Full details on simulation set-up may be found in Persad and Caldeira (2018) and Persad (submitted, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics)
From the Persad and Caldeira (2018) Simulation and Analysis section:
"Nine 100-year, repeating annual cycle simulations were conducted in CAM5 coupled to the mixed-layer ocean: one control simulation, and eight regionally perturbed simulations. The control simulation is a year 2000 cli- mate with non-biomass burning anthropogenic black carbon, organic carbon, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfate (SO4) emissions fields set to 1850 values. In each of the eight regionally perturbed simulations, the relevant region is populated with that region’s year 2000 values, scaled at every regional grid point and time step to achieve additional total annual emissions equivalent to China’s total year 2000 values: 22.4 Tg sulfate precursor, 1.61 Tg of black carbon emissions, and 4.03 Tg of organic carbon emissions. The 1850 and 2000 baseline emissions fields on which these are based are CAM5’s standard historical emissions fields1, and the resulting emissions fields used to drive simulations are publicly accessible to allow for replication in other model suites (see Data availability). "
See Persad and Caldeira (2018) Figure 1 and Methods for region definitions.
Questions can be directed to the corresponding author at [email protected]
Emissions input fields:
Control Simulation
/Control
-Control_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the control simulation. All input files listed are default available through NCAR CESM installations and the NCAR CESM server (https://svn-ccsm-inputdata.cgd.ucar.edu/trunk/inputdata/atm/cam/chem/trop_mozart_aero/emis/) and are not included here.
Eight Regional Perturbation Simulations
/Brazil
-Brazil_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in Brazil. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
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/China
-China_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in China. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/East_Africa
-East_Africa_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in East Africa. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/Western_Europe
-Western_Europe_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in Western Europe. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/India
-India_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in India. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/Indonesia
-Indonesia_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in Indonesia. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/South_Africa
-South_Africa_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in South Africa. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/United_States
-United_States_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in the United States. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above)
Tariff rates, tariff revenue, and tariff reform : some new facts
Get PDFThe ad valorem tariff rateson specific products and the ratio of tariff revenue to import value, the collected rate, are only tenuously related, contend the authors. Using tariff and revenue data (at the tariff code line level of detail) for three developing countries, the authors compare the statutory ad valorem tariff rates (official rates) with the ratio of tariff revenues to import values (collected rates). They document four facts: (1) the collected rate for any given item of the tariff code has almost no relationship to the official rate for that item; (2) the variation of collected rates around the official rate increases as the level of the official rate increases; (3) the collected rates increase much less, on average, than one-for-one with the official rates; and (4) above a certain level, collected rates do not increase at all despite increases in official rates. Collection rates appear to level off at roughly 50 percent. (In Kenya, collected rates are lower for high-tariff than for moderate-tariff items. Assigning lower rates for the high-tariff items would actually increase revenue on those items.) The implications of these findings are twofold for calculating general revenue. The rates are not the critical determinant of revenues. The revenue implications of large rate changes can be offset by modest changes in the system of exemptions, for example. The benefit of eliminating exemptions is primarily transparency. The costs of programs that provide import exemptions for, say, regional promotion, are often hidden in customs statistics. Secondly, if pressures that cause collected rates not to increase one-for-one with tariff rates will continue to be present in any tariff regime, then these must be factored into tariff reform design.TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Export Competitiveness,Environmental Economics&Policies,Trade and Regional Integration,Economic Theory&Research
Rent - seeking trade policy : a time series approach
Get PDFUsing a time-series approach, the author analyzes the relationship between the extent of rent-seeking trade policy and both political and economic variables. For rent-seeking trade policy, the indicator he uses is the number of foreign-trade regulations passed each year for the benefit of a single firm or industry. The author uses data from Uruguay for 1925-83. Uruguay, which experienced an impressive economic decline, is an outstanding example of a rent-seeking society. After being a wealthy economy in midcentury, it suffered almost complete stagnation, which led to social and policital disintegration by the end of the 1960s. Three decades of restrictive regulations on foreign trade had created a nearly closed economy by the end of the 1960s. It was worth analyzing whether policymakers'great receptiveness to demands for protection could account for Uruguay's decline. Over the period 1925-83, the author finds almost 4,000 laws, decrees, and administrative resolutions that create, maintain, or modify a foreign-trade regulation for the benefit of a single firm or industry. About half of them explicitly identify the petitioner - usually a firm or guild. Since the size of the Uruguayan economy changed over the period studied, the author scales the annual number of regulations by output or exports to measure the extent of rent-seeking trade policy. The author shows that the extent of rent-seeking trade policy increased with discretionary policies and under dictatorship. (In the period studied, there were two stages of democracy - until 1932 and from 1943-72 - and two stages of dictatorship.) He also shows that rent-seeking trade restrictions increased under import-substitution strategies and, more unexpectedly, under active export promotion. This suggests that discretionary power leads to wasteful distribution, whether it is used to support inward- or outward-oriented policies. Finally, the author analyzes the correlation between innovations in the trade policy indicator and innovations in the growth rates of output and exports, with a lag of up to 20 years. Surprisingly, he finds a positive correlation with output growth rates after two or three years. But the correlation becomes negative some years later, particularly in the case of exports. The short-run positive impact on growth rates, together with the surprisingly long time lag before the negative impact, may account for policymakers'receptiveness to demands for protection.Trade Policy,Achieving Shared Growth,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies
Modeling and analysis of forced vibrations in microstretch thermoelastic beam resonators using dual phase lagging model
No full textModified exponential based differential quadrature scheme to solve convection diffusion equation
No full textRole of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) in the evaluation of vestibular schwannoma
No full textAbstractIntroductionCervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP) can assess the integrity of the inferior vestibular nerve thereby promising to be a useful tool in the audiological test battery to diagnose vestibular schwannoma.ObjectiveTo ascertain the utility of cVEMP in diagnosis of vestibular schwannoma in conjunction with the ABR and to evaluate whether the size of lesion has any effect on the cVEMP measures.MethodsCase-files of 15 known cases of vestibular schwannoma whose pure tone audiometry, auditory brainstem response (ABR), cVEMP and radiological investigation findings were available, were included in the study. Patients were categorised as large or small tumours based on the size. The absolute and inter-peak latencies of ABR, amplitudes of waves V and I, and inter-aural latency difference of wave V of ABR; and latency of P1 and N1 of cVEMP and amplitude of P1–N1 complex were considered in the study.ResultsThere were eight large and nine small tumours. All the patients with large tumours showed significant severity of hearing loss whereas only three out of nine patients with small tumours showed severe to profound deafness in the affected ear. The rest showed hearing status ranging from normal hearing sensitivity to moderate hearing loss. Most of the patients with large tumours showed complete absence of ABR in the affected ears with no identifiable wave-peaks. ABR in small tumours exhibited delayed III–I and delayed V–I interpeak latency interval (IPL). Four out of five patients with large unilateral tumours revealed contralateral effects of reduced amplitude or absence of cVEMP. On the contrary, six out of eight unilateral small tumours showed a normal cVEMP response in the contralateral ear. Both the patients with NF2 in the present study demonstrated cVEMP abnormalities.ConclusionABR and cVEMP, when used in combination, can be of immense use in identification of neuro-otologic conditions such as vestibular schwannoma and bilateral tumours in NF2. In the evaluation of unilateral vestibular schwannoma, abnormal contralateral findings of cVEMP and ABR are strongly indicative of the tumour size >2.5cm. In unilateral severe to profound loss wherein ABR in poorer ear cannot give information of site-of-lesion, cVEMP can help in the differentiation
Role of Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMP) as Outcome-Measure of Glycerol Test
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