1,720,990 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Building Empathy Toward Community and Reducing Bias in a Chicago Police Sample: A Case for Perspective Taking and Reappraisal within Virtual Reality
Get PDFAt the societal level, there is significant concern regarding police brutality towards Black individuals. Much of the research proposes implicit racial bias as a potential cause, yet, Intergroup Emotion Theory (IET) suggests that outgroup emotion and threat perception could also play a role. Interventions using perspective taking and counterstereotypical information often have a positive effect on implicit bias in predominantly undergraduate samples. The current study used perspective taking and counterstereotypical methods, incorporated with IET, to determine the ways emotion regulation promoted changes in empathy and implicit bias within a police sample. We examined the effects of a newly developed VR tool that showed a 360° scenario of a police-community interaction which promoted perspective taking and provided counterstereotypical information. To assess how perspective taking influences empathy, participants were shown the same scenario twice (counterbalanced across participants), filmed from two distinct angles providing an “Inner” perspective and “Outer” perspective. To convey counterstereotypical information, participants were shown “backstories” about community characters and police characters in the scenario. Participants, (N = 58) recruited from the Chicago Police Department, completed a series of questionnaires and the Brief Implicit Association Task before and after the VR tool. Results showed that the VR tool was effective at promoting empathy and reducing implicit racial bias. Empathy was significantly higher after viewing the community backstories (i.e. counterstereotypical information) compared to when viewing the scenario from both perspectives and the police backstories. Further, reappraisal was a significant predictor of empathy. Additional analyses demonstrated that empathy positively predicted intention to engage with community in the future. Results suggest that while the task as a whole reduces implicit racial bias, counterstereotypical information is most effective at empathy building. Indeed, reappraisal abilities and gaining a deeper understanding about one’s outgroup members appears to be critical for building empathy when in a threatening context and desire to engage with the community in the future. This could serve as a mechanism for repairing emotional divides between police and community
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The Effects of Alexithymia and Age on Inhibitory Control
Get PDFAlexithymia is a stable personality trait typified by externally oriented thinking and difficulties identifying and describing feelings. It is associated with cognitive-affective deficits such as poorer memory for emotional and neutral information as well as executive dysfunction. Relatedly, aging is accompanied by executive dysfunction and increasing alexithymia. Because executive functions comprise multiple cognitive skills, it is essential to demarcate which are impacted by aging and alexithymia. While age-related deficits in inhibitory control are well established, there is a dearth of literature examining inhibition in alexithymia. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of alexithymia on inhibition and to interrogate its potential additive impact to aging effects.Participants were 538 undergraduate students (age = 18-35) and 201 middle-aged to older adults (age = 48-92). All completed the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and go, no-go, and stop-signal tasks. Following removal of participants with missing data or invalid task performance, the final sample included 384 younger and 81 older adults. Separate hierarchical regressions predicting accuracy and reaction time were examined. Post hoc models included TAS-20 subscores. Exploratory moderation and mediation models were also conducted to interrogate shared variance among covariates and predictor variables.Female sex and greater age predicted slower reaction times across all three tasks. Older age was also associated with less accurate responding to target and inhibition trials on no-go and slower and less accurate inhibition on stop. Alexithymia predicted poorer inhibition on no-go and stop via difficulty identifying feelings (DIF). Mood symptoms neither moderated nor mediated the relationship between DIF and inhibitory control.These results replicate the age-related tradeoff of speed for accuracy in reaction time and inhibition tasks. They also provide novel evidence for alexithymia deficits in non-emotive inhibitory control. The impact of DIF on both automatic (no-go) and conscious (stop) inhibitory control supports processing theories of alexithymia. In particular, DIF contributed to poorer extrinsically and intrinsically cued response suppression. Thus, top-down and bottom-up information processing may be disrupted in alexithymia. Critically, the alexithymia effects were additive to age effects extending support for alexithymia as a risk factor for cognitive aging
Cognitive Training With Healthy Older Adults: Investigating the Effectiveness of the Brain Age Software for Nintendo DS
Get PDFAn increasing number of empirical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of cognitive training (CT) with healthy, cognitively intact older adults. Less is known regarding the effectiveness of commercially available “brain training” programs. The current study investigated the impact of daily CT presented via the Brain Age® software for Nintendo DS on neurocognitive abilities in a sample of healthy, community-dwelling older adults. Over the six-week study, participants in the CT group completed training activities and were compared to an active control group who played card games on the Nintendo DS. At pre-test and post-test, a wide range of empirically validated neuropsychological outcome measures was administered to examine the proximal and distal transfer effects of training. Although within normal range, the average MMSE score was significantly higher in the control group at pre-test; no other baseline differences in demographics or performance on primary neuropsychological outcome measures were observed. In the CT group, estimated “brain age” decreased and performance on daily training tasks significantly improved over the six-week study period. Importantly however, performance improved from pre-test to post-test on measures of everyday verbal memory, visual working memory, and math fluency in both the CT and active control groups. Participants in the CT group rated usage of the Brain Age software as significantly more mentally challenging and endorsed greater subjective memory improvement at post-test than participants in the control group. These findings demonstrate that both CT and cognitive stimulation protocols produced transfer effects in the current study. That is, Brain Age software use led to enhanced cognitive performance over time, but it did not do in a manner that exceeded the effects achieved by general cognitive stimulation. Enhanced working memory in the CT group and executive attention in the control group are discussed as possible explanation for improved performance on the outcome measures
Long Term Effects of Chronic Variable Stress Administered during Different Developmental Stages in Mice
Get PDFA number of studies have suggested that the occurrence of past trauma can increase an individual\u27s chance of developing PTSD from a new traumatic experience later in life. Trauma that occurs during childhood appears to have a particularly strong effect on this risk increase. Furthermore, conditioned fear responses have been shown to incubate over extended periods of time in animal models. To further investigate the role these phenomena play in the development of PTSD, this study exposed juvenile and adult mice to 7 days of chronic variable stress (CVS). One month later, a Pavlovian delay fear conditioning procedure was used to assess fear learning behavior, and anxiety levels were assessed with an Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM). It was hypothesized that mice who experienced CVS exposure as juveniles would show greater long-term levels of anxiety and long-term sensitization to later fear learning than mice who experienced CVS as adults. Furthermore, mice exposed to CVS, regardless of age, were hypothesized to show significantly enhanced anxiety and fear conditioning relative to control mice. Surprisingly, it was found that stress induced sensitization of fear conditioning deteriorated over the 30-day incubation period for both juvenile and adult mice, leading to no differences between groups, including controls, in fear learning behaviors. Adult stressed mice showed significantly greater anxiety levels than adult controls, while juvenile stressed and control mice showed no difference in anxiety. These results suggest possible neurological differences between juvenile and adult mice in regions involved in fear learning, such as the hippocampus, the central nucleus of the amygdale, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Alternative interpretations of the data are discussed. Despite failing to support the proposed hypotheses, this study suggests that a successful animal model of PTSD should consider the differential dynamics of associative and non-associative fear learning processes. Furthermore, the moderating effects of developmental stages on the effects of chronic stress should also be acknowledged and investigated further
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