1,721,037 research outputs found
Living longer but not necessarily healthier: The joint progress of health and mortality in the working-age population of England
Full text linkDespite improvements in life expectancy, there is uncertainty on whether the increase in years of healthy life expectancy has kept pace. In this paper we explore whether there is empirical support for the expansion of morbidity hypothesis in the population aged 25–64 living in England. Nationally representative cohorts born between 1945 and 1980 are constructed from repeated annual cross-sections of the Health Survey for England, 1991–2014. Later-born cohorts at a given age have the same or higher prevalence of self-reported bad general health and long-term illness, self-reported high blood pressure (in men), self-reported and objectively-measured diabetes, circulatory illnesses, clinical hypertension, and overweight BMI. We also find that healthy life expectancies (in the sense of absence of each of these problems) at age 25 have increased at a slower pace than life expectancy between 1993 and 2013. Our findings lend support to the expansion of morbidity hypothesis and point to increased future demand for specific healthcare services at younger ages
The contribution of the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohort studies to lifecourse research on family transitions
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Do children's expectations about future physical activity predict their physical activity in adulthood?
Full text linkBACKGROUND: Much of the population fails to meet recommended physical activity (PA) levels, but there remains considerable individual variation. By understanding drivers of different trajectories, interventions can be better targeted and more effective. One such driver may be a person's physical activity identity (PAI)-the extent to which a person perceives PA as central to who they are. METHODS: Using survey information and a unique body of essays written at age 11 from the National Child Development Study (N = 10 500), essays mentioning PA were automatically identified using the machine learning technique support vector classification and PA trajectories were estimated using latent class analysis. Analyses tested the extent to which childhood PAI correlated with activity levels from age 23 through 55 and with trajectories across adulthood. RESULTS: 42.2% of males and 33.5% of females mentioned PA in their essays, describing active and/or passive engagement. Active PAI in childhood was correlated with higher levels of activity for men but not women, and was correlated with consistently active PA trajectories for both genders. Passive PAI was not related to PA for either gender. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers a novel approach for analysing large qualitative datasets to assess identity and behaviours. Findings suggest that at as young as 11 years old, the way a young person conceptualizes activity as part of their identity has a lasting association with behaviour. Still, an active identity may require a supportive sociocultural context to manifest in subsequent behaviour
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Poorer children’s educational attainment: how important are attitudes and behaviour?
Full text linkThis report considers some of the ways that affluence and
disadvantage influence children’s educational attainment. It
focuses on a broad set of factors, varying across childhood,
classified under the broad umbrella term ‘aspirations, attitudes
and behaviours’. The implications for policy are also explored
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Access to Elite Occupations
Full text linkThis thesis explores socio-economic inequalities in access to ‘elite’ professional or managerial occupations in the UK with a particular focus on inequalities in ‘non-educational’ attributes. Social gradients in educational attainment are often the primary focus when explaining barriers to elite occupations, however they are unable to fully explain socio-economic gaps in access. This thesis therefore extends the study of access to elite occupations, by moving beyond educational attainment to consider a range of other barriers which are widely discussed in academic and policy circles but are under-researched quantitatively.
The findings provide new empirical evidence on the importance of social capital (in the form of relevant personal networks and work experience which influence career choice), non-cognitive skills (often termed soft skills or personality traits) and career self-management (such as career aspirations, promotion- or challenge-seeking values, work experience, commercial awareness and the use of networks for educational or career guidance) for gaining access to elite occupations and creating barriers to these careers for young people from less advantaged backgrounds.
The thesis also makes several other contributions. It empirically shows how social background and gender intersect to provide a large ‘triple advantage’ for males from higher socio-economic backgrounds over females from lower socio-economic backgrounds when accessing elite careers. Methodologically it shows the benefit of analysing elite occupational outcomes over multiple waves of survey data rather than a single mid-career snapshot which is common in related literature but underestimates levels of access to elite occupations as it conflates access (whether individuals enter these careers) and retention (whether they remain in these careers). It also demonstrates the significant research value of using newly available recruitment data from employers to disentangle the role of aspirations (who applies) and recruitment processes (who is rejected by employers) in driving inequalities in access to elite occupations
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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