1,720,959 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Investigations into the bioavailability of manufactured nanoparticles in fish
Get PDFThe field of nanotoxicology has emerged as a discipline in parallel with the rapid expansion of nanotechnology and the use of nanomaterials in modern life. Assessing the potential impacts of manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) on the environment and human health is critical to the sustainable development of the nano-industry. Current knowledge on the ecological implications of nanotoxicology has major uncertainties surrounding the fate and behaviour of nanomaterials in the exposure environment. Bioavailability, uptake and partitioning of nanomaterials to organisms are key determinates to toxicity, yet these foundations of basic data are only now just starting to emerge in any useful and coherent manner for aquatic animals. This thesis work set out to address this gap in knowledge and further our understanding of these important principles for fish.
In an attempt to develop a high through-put screening system for toxicity of MNPs, studies assessing the utility of primary isolated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes found they showed very limited responses to a range of MNPs. There was a lack of any evidence for either lipid peroxidation or xenobiotic detoxification activity. In these studies isolated trout hepatocytes were found to be unresponsive to the induction of these biological responses after exposure to positive controls. The findings demonstrated that the MNPs tested showed low toxicity generally and that fish hepatocytes do not provide a useful system for the screening of potential toxic effects of MNPs. In this cell culture work, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy was applied to demonstrate that the particles supplied in the culture medium did cross the cell membrane and enter into the exposed cells.
In the second phase of the work in this thesis CARS was investigated as an experimental technique for tracing a wide range of metal and metal oxide MNPs into cells and tissues. CARS was applied to evaluate initial detection of different MNPs and investigate the imaging capability on a range of cells, tissues and organisms. Finally, CARS was applied to assess localisation ability of MNPs within biological matrices. MNPs were shown to be taken into trout hepatocytes using a 3D reconstruction to determine the origin of the MNP signal within the cell. Uptake of MNPs was established into trout gill and kidney tissue, corophium and daphnia species and were shown to have different partitioning in zebrafish embryos. In summary CARS showed great potential for tracing particle uptake and bio-distribution both in vitro and in vivo. Particular benefits include imaging MNPs in living organisms, without the need for labelling or fixing the material. Limitations of the CARS technique are also discussed.
In chapter 4, the consequences of the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) were investigated on the uptake of MNPs into fish. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to cerium dioxide (CeO2) MNPs in combination with NOM over 28 days. Elevated levels of uptake of cerium were measured in the brain, gill and kidney tissue by induction coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for fish exposed to 50 μg/l CeO2 MNPs in combination with 250 μg/l of NOM. There were no such effects of the NOM enhancing uptake for the bulk CeO2 particles. Detailed studies on the behaviour of the CeO2 MNPs in the exposure medium demonstrated the highly complex and dynamic nature of the interactions with NOM. This study discusses some of the difficulties in the techniques, analysis and interpretation of data derived from studies of this nature. The finding that NOM may enhance MNP uptake presents a potential issue for current risk assessment criteria for MNPs that do not consider natural conditions.
The final experimental chapter considered maternal transfer as a potentially important route for exposure of embryos and early life stage animals to MNPs in live bearing animals. In this work guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were exposed to 7 nm silver citrate stabilised particles and citrate stabilised bulk sized particles, dosed via the diet for a full gestation cycle. Maternal transfer of Ag to the larvae was significantly higher for the nanoparticulate treatment compared with the bulk and control treatments and larval burden was significantly higher compared with the maternal sires. However, there was no impact of Ag on larval survival, birth weights, or on indices of body condition in the exposed adults. The enhanced uptake of nano Ag compared to bulk Ag particles into the guppy offspring emphasises the potential for exposure to sensitive early life stages of organisms, which to date has not been widely considered and suggests greater research is needed in this area.
Collectively, the studies conducted in this thesis contribute to the science base of nanotoxicology, specifically in areas where data are especially lacking and with a focus on bioavailability. These studies have identified that fish hepatocytes do not offer an effective screen for MNPs, and the data produced further suggests that the MNPs tested are not toxic in that form. Working with CARS I have helped advance the understanding on its utility for nanotoxicology studies, with regards to its application and limitation for uptake analyses. The study of MNPs in combination with NOM has identified the fundamental change that real life exposure scenarios may instigate for toxicity assessments of MNPs, with significant impact on risk assessment criteria. Finally, I’ve established that maternal transfer is an exposure route for MNPs that requires further study, with evidence of transfer to sensitive life stages in a non-mammalian system.DEFR
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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