1,721,023 research outputs found
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LAND TENURE, PROPERTY BOUNDARIES, AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION: EXAMPLES FROM BOLIVIA AND NORWAY
Full text linkThis paper compares and contrasts patterns of land tenure, property boundaries, and dispute resolution regarding property using examples from two diverse social and economic regions: Bolivia and Norway. The goal of the paper is essentially a comparative one. By placing the examples of Bolivia and Norway side by side, the authors hope to shed light on common strategies while recognizing the diversity to be found in the ways that people relate to land. It is hoped that readers will be able to compare the material here with examples from other regions. By using data based on field research and related methods from two regions starkly distinguished from each other by language, socioeconomic levels, political histories, and extent of integration into world markets, the authors present a picture of how people interact with their bounded environments and the various meanings that they construct through such environments. Norway has one of the highest standards of living in the world and is in many ways a model of economic and social efficiency; Bolivia, by contrast, is characterized by extreme ecological zones and has struggled for most of its 170 years of independence to both maintain its population at the most basic of levels and to achieve social stability. Yet, despite these significant historical and contemporary differences, the ways in which people relate to land in both countries are often remarkably similar, particularly in rural areas.Land tenure -- Bolivia, Land tenure -- Norway, Dispute resolution -- Bolivia, Dispute resolution -- Norway, Land conflicts -- Bolivia, Land conflicts -- Norway, Land Economics/Use,
Norm Creation beyond the State
No full textThe generation of law beyond the state is an unbroken dynamic. In international and transnational relations, the formulation and strategic use of rules through an increasing number of actors in diverse settings and across almost all fields of societal ordering provides a particularly fascinating and rich, but also contested field of inquiry for scholars of legal anthropology and law. We interrogate this dynamic of increasing deterritorialization of law production, which brings particular questions to the centre of our enquiries: Who are the actors involved in such norm creation? What are the conditions of participation in these norm-producing processes? How do such norms gain authority? To address these questions, we claim that the combination of anthropological and legal reservoirs of knowledge is particularly fruitful. What is more, we conclude that an important common task of anthropological and legal scholarship should be to ‘de-naturalize’ legal concepts and categories in order to make room for critical perspectives and interrogate, if not destabilize, structures of power and domination
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Frontiers of Identity: Transnational Displacement, Clandestinity and Conflict in the Ecuadorian - Colombian Borderlands and Inner Cities in Ecuador
Full text linkThe arrival of approximately 300,000 thousand Colombian refugees in Ecuador during the last two decades has introduced several changes in the country's economic, political, social and cultural landscape. Displaced by the magnitude and ferocity of the Colombian conflict, refugees encounter a multiplicity of challenges upon their arrival in the country, from deep suspicion to fierce discrimination and xenophobia, and they struggle to reconstruct their lives in the middle of adversity. In this context, strategies to integrate refugees into local communities (sponsored mainly by the Ecuadorian government and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees - UNHCR) have encountered several challenges, since the majority of the population fear that the massive violence present in Colombia can be imported into their communities via the presence of refugees
Gender Conflict in Iran: A Critique of Human Rights and Conflict Resolution
Full text linkThis study investigates to what extent international human rights advocates and conflict resolvers are skilled and equipped to deal with situations such as the state-run gender violence which has led to a protracted conflict in a country like Iran. This project aims to first contextualize the gender conflict in Iran, then provide a detailed analysis of the conflict both qualitatively and quantitatively, and then offer the impacts of human rights and conflict resolution fields, including their shortcomings. It calls attention to the role of domestic and international non-governmental organizations over the period of 1979- 2009. It also provides a briefing on the application of international human rights protocols, laws and methods of rights protection, intervention and practices of international human rights groups to support their local counterparts in Iran. In addition, this study utilized the lens of conflict resolution to analyze the gender conflict in Iran, its cause and effect, and its phases over the last 30 years, while evaluating existing strategies for methods of intervention and prevention. Recognizing the strength and weaknesses of iii both fields, the purpose of this project was not to bring the two fields together, but rather to enhance the current understanding of the common grounds between the two fields and stress the need for further partnership between them. Given the underrepresentation of gender analysis in human rights and conflict resolution fields, this project also contributes to the literature and discourse in both fields
Conflict in the Klamath Watershed and A Relationship-Building Framework for Conflict Transformation
Full text linkThis dissertation starts from an interest in protracted environmental conflict in the United States and takes the stance with respect to environmental conflict (1) that a threat to a resource very quickly becomes experienced as a threat to the ways of life dependent upon that resource, and (2) that when multiple ways of life are dependent upon that same resource – and that resource is threatened – and all wish to sustain their ways of life – then the manner in which they all relate to the resource and to each other must be transformed, such that both the resource is restored and the ways of life are sustained. In other words, it is a situation of conflict transformation, rather than of conflict resolution. From that beginning stance, the unfolding of the dissertation uses a health care analogue to provide both a structure for and a way of thinking about what is presented. In Volume One, in the role of customary practice is cast conflict resolution as it is customarily practiced in America. It is asserted (1) that mainstream American conflict resolution practice is based upon an ethnoconflict theory and ethnopraxis that flows unerringly from the attitudes, aspirations, expectations that characterize the modern American Metro Middle Class; (2) that the American model would be appropriate within America when everything about the situation and the people involved in the situation was in agreement with the ethnoconflict theory and ethnopraxis upon which the American model is based; and (3) that it would be inappropriate when something about the situation and the people involved in the situation was NOT in agreement with the ethnoconflict theory and ethnopraxis upon which the American model is based. It is proposed that this ‘something’ can be that the people have a different ethnoconflict theory and ethnopraxis, and/or that the situation is not about rights, rules, and/or individual interests. In Volume Two, given the stance with respect to environmental conflict that a threat to a resource very quickly becomes experienced as a threat to the ways of life dependent upon that resource, in the role of the person who is not well is presented a history of the Klamath ecosystem and the ways of life dependent upon the Klamath watershed from historic times of pristine environmental well-being to the current times of environmental degradation. In Part One, the story of the Klamath over the period from 1848 through 2000 is told in such a manner that if (and when) any member of any player group in the Klamath may read this history, they would be able to say “You have heard Our story – not only the events and experiences that We bring together to define Our sense of who We are and have been over time, but also the emotional investment in being who We are and the emotional turmoil We feel when We experience who We are as threatened.” In Part Two, it is asserted (1) that the people of the Klamath watershed have an ethnoconflict theory and ethnopraxis that understands conflict as a tear in the web of relationships and conflict resolution as the mending of that tear through reconciliation and collaboration; (2) that they initially default to mainstream American conflict resolution practices, but ultimately revert to the practices of reconciliation and collaboration; and (3) that it will take a second-order change to accomplish this transformation of the conflict. Within this context, in the role of the history of unsuccessful first-order changes is presented a history of first-order changes in the customary practice of mainstream conflict resolution, from before 2001 through the chaos of 2001 on up to 2004, just before the Chadwick workshops. In the role of second-order change is presented the Chadwick workshops which occurred in the twelve month period of July 2004 through June 2005 and which were the transformative event which enabled people to relinquish the default use of mainstream conflict resolution practices and to take up the practices of reconciliation and collaboration on a watershed-wide basis. The “patient history” subsequent to the Chadwick workshops recounts a slow and painstaking transformation of the conflict, a turning of a page in the Klamath watershed – from a chapter of conflict more than a century in the making to a chapter of watershed-wide coordinated interaction to both restore the watershed and sustain all ways of life in the watershed. Finally, an epistemology of the Chadwick conflict resolution practice is constructed and juxtaposed point by point with the epistemology of mainstream American conflict resolution practice constructed in Volume One, illuminating significant differences between the two epistemologies. In Volume Three, in the role of alternative practice is proposed (1) an alternative epistemology and framework for theory, practice, and research, which is characterized as a Relationship-Building epistemology, and then (2) a framework for conflict transformation based upon this Relationship-Building epistemology. In Part One, (1) the alternative epistemology and framework is proposed and then juxtaposed with the epistemology and framework of the discipline of Conflict Analysis and Resolution, illuminating the differences between the two; (2) the epistemology of customary American conflict resolution practice and the epistemology of the discipline of Conflict Analysis and Resolution are characterized as variants of an overarching Problem-Solving epistemology; (3) the Problem-Solving epistemology is juxtaposed with the Relationship-Building epistemology, finding that they are grounded in very different ways of knowing and working; and finally (4) it is proposed that, while the configuration of people and situation that is appropriate to one is not appropriate to the other, used hand-in-hand, they can cover all configurations of people and situation. Part Two envisions a framework for conflict transformation based upon the Relationship- Building epistemology. This framework provides opportunity for transforming protracted environmental conflict, for people to build the relationships that could then serve as the foundation upon which they could stand together to set goals and take action towards sustaining both the environment and their ways of life. And it is noted that there is nothing to preclude applying any or all components of this conflict transformation framework to any conflict, domestic or international, environmental or otherwise, protracted or otherwise. The dissertation concludes with the assertion that, in the spirit of the health care analogue that has given form and position to the dissertation, as customary and alternative medicine can work hand-in-hand to restore the well-being of the person better than either could have accomplished alone, so the Problem- Solving and Relationship-Building epistemologies could work hand-in-hand to restore the well-being of the people involved in a conflict situation better than either might have accomplished alone
El wanas, ou chakitaqlla : Récit ethnographique d'une communauté atomisée dans les Andes centrales du Pérou
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