505 research outputs found
The EU entry price system for fresh fruits and vegetables - Paper tiger or powerful market barrier?
No full textThe EU protects EU growers of 15 kinds of fresh fruits and vegetables against international competition by the entry price system (EPS), which is designed to restrict imports below the product-specific, politically designated entry price level. This study investigates the relevance of the EPS per product and country of origin. We develop two indicators for the effectiveness of the EPS, which serve as variables in a cluster analysis identifying four classes differing in the relevance of the EPS. The relevance of the EPS is found to be heterogeneous among products as well as countries of origin. It is highest for artichokes, courgettes, Cucumbers, lemons, plums and tomatoes. The influence of the EPS on apples, clementines and pears is significantly lower, and of least relevance for apricots, mandarins, oranges, peaches and nectarines and table grapes. The EPS has the greatest effect oil countries which neighbour the EU, whereas it is of minor importance for exports from far-away countries with the exception of China and South Africa. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Volkswagen Foundatio
Wheat export restrictions and domestic market effects in Russia and Ukraine during the food crisis
No full textStudies investigating the effects of wheat export controls on the domestic market in the exporting country itself are scarce. This paper analyses the domestic market impact of wheat export controls in Russia and Ukraine during the 2007/2008 global food crisis within a spatial price transmission approach. Using a Markov-switching vector error-correction model, we contrast our estimation for Russia and Ukraine with Germany and the USA, two countries that did not intervene in their wheat export markets. An explicit “crisis” regime during times of export controls is exclusively identified for Russia and Ukraine. We find that export restrictions temporarily reduced the degree of integration of Russian and Ukrainian domestic markets in world wheat markets, which pushed the growers prices below their long-run equilibrium level. Further, domestic markets were disconnected from their equilibrium and market instability increased. These effects were even more pronounced and long lasting in Ukraine (export quota) than in Russia (export tax). The negative market effects discouraged private investors, thereby preventing Russia and Ukraine from maximizing their grain potential and contributing to global food security. Highlights ► We focus on export controls and the price link between domestic and world markets. ► We contrast our estimation for Russia and Ukraine with Germany and the USA. ► Export controls reduced integration of domestic in world wheat markets temporarily. ► Growers prices decreased below the long-run equilibrium and instability increased. ► Our results suggest long-lasting effects in the case of Ukraine
How effective is the EU Entry Price System for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables?
No full textThe EU protects EU growers of 15 kinds of fresh fruits and vegetables against international competition not only by the means of ad valorem tariffs of up to 20%, but also by the EU entry-price system (EPS), which is designed to restrict imports below the product-specific, politically designated entry price level. This study investigates the influence of the EPS on import prices of fruits and vegetables per product and country of origin. We utilise a unique data set comprising about 60,000 observations of daily synthetic import prices. We develop two indicators for the effectiveness of the EPS, which serve as variables in a cluster analysis identifying four classes differing in the relevance of the EPS. Results suggest that the relevance of the EPS is heterogeneous among products as well as countries of origin for most fruits and vegetables. Thus, an adequate assessment of the importance of the EPS requires not only a product-specific but also a country-specific analysis. Overall, our results indicate that the effectiveness of the EPS is highest for the import of artichokes, courgettes, cucumbers, lemons, plums and tomatoes. The influence of the EPS on apples, clementines and pears is significantly lower, and of least relevance for EU imports of apricots, mandarins, oranges, peaches and nectarines and table grapes. The EPS has the greatest effect on countries which neighbour the EU, whereas it is of minor importance for exports from far-away countries with the exception of China and South Africa.threshold cointegration, spatial price transmission, vector error correction model, Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis,
Freda Linde Collection index
No full textThis index describes the Freda Linde collection consists of material of Freda Linde, journalist, editor, translator and author of children's books. The collection contains correspondence ; manuscripts ; diaries ; notebooks ; translations ; personalia ; pamphlets ; research material ; illustrations ; reviews ; articles ; newspaper clippings ; photos compiled in 70 pamphlet boxes
Considering threshold effects in the long-run equilibrium in a vector error correction model: An application to the German apple market
No full textWe propose a three-step procedure to estimate a regime-dependent vector error correction model (VECM). In this model, not only the short-run adjustment process towards equilibrium is non-linear, as in threshold VECM and Markov switching VECM frameworks, but the long-run equilibrium relationship itself can also display threshold-type non-linearity. The proposed approach is unique in explicitly testing the null hypothesis of linear cointegration against the alternative of threshold cointegration based on the Gonzalo AND PITARAKIS (2006) test. The model is applied to apple price data on wholesale markets in Hamburg and Munich, using the share of domestic apples in total wholesale trade as the threshold variable. We identify four price transmission regimes characterized by different equilibrium relationships and short-run adjustment processes. This proposed approach is particularly suitable for capturing irregular seasonal threshold effects in price transmission typical for fresh fruits and vegetables.threshold cointegration, spatial price transmission, vector error correction model, Marketing,
An In Vitro Pilot Fermentation Study on the Impact of Chlorella pyrenoidosa on Gut Microbiome Composition and Metabolites in Healthy and Coeliac Subjects
No full text© 2021 C. van der Linde, M. Barone, S. Turroni, P. Brigidi, E. Keleszade, J. Swann, A. Costabile. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVERTISING IN THE COMPANY LINDE GAS D.O.O. - LPG
No full textV teoretičnem delu diplomske naloge sem predstavil pojem oglaševanja ter korake oglaševalskega programa, v praktičnem delu pa sem predstavil konkretne aktivnosti oglaševanja utekočinjenega naftnega plina v podjetju Linde plin d. o. o., v katerem sem zaposlen.Theoretical part of graduation thesis defines the concept of advertising and presents the steps
of advertising program. Practical part presents actual activities on advertising of liquid gas in
company Linde plin d.o.o. where the author is employed
Inspection of the Polish Intelligentsia after the November Insurrection. Kazimierz Brodziński and Samuel Bogumił Linde
No full textOpinions for the representative of the Polish Kingdom, Ivan Paskevich about Kazimierz Brodziński and Samuel Bogumił Linde, as well as about their activities in the times of the November Insurrection written by Aleksander Krassowski in the year 1833, and by Leon Rogalski in the year 1836; a 1833 opinion about Kazimierz Brodziński written by Samuel Bogumił Linde; Samuel Bogumił Linde as an author and editor of the document Sprawozdanie o urzędnikach pod dyrekcją Wydziału Wychowania w 1833 [A Report about Civil Servants Conducted by the Department of Education]
Measuring domestic implications of tariff cuts under EU entry price regime
No full textThe entry price regime in the European Union (EU) applies to several products, mainly fresh fruits and vegetables. The complexity of the system with endogenous applied tariffs makes the evaluation of different alternatives of tariff cuts more challenging than for other regimes. The challenge applies to academics with interest on estimating market impacts, to WTO negotiators that need to evaluate proposals and to policy-makers that may need to take decisions on options such as the declaration of a sensitive product. This paper develops a methodology to compare different tariff cuts alternatives, including the URAA method that implies reductions in the level of the entry price, constant entry price, and Tariff Rate Quotas expansion. Uncertainty about international prices plays a central role on the estimated impacts on market access of different options. Reducing the level of entry prices can have relatively large impacts on market access for some products. The sensitive product treatment with TRQs may generate larger market access than the normal treatment. The proposed methodology proofs to be able to quantify the economic impacts of tariff cuts under EU entry price regime.International Relations/Trade,
Internship Report On Working Capital Management of Linde Bangladesh Ltd.
No full textThe writing has tried to connect the theoratcal evalution with the help of emperical data in terms of Working capital Practise in the specified organization. Linde bangladesh Inc. is the chosen organization here as the author was the internee there for 4 months period. With the application of a set of ratios over the data of number of years, the approach of WCM, liquidity condition , CCC, operating cycle has been assesed for getting an idea of the Working Capital Management in Lindee Banglades
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