157 research outputs found
Specific COPII vesicles transport ER membranes to sites of autophagosome formation
No full textThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is considered a prominent membrane source for the formation of autophagosomes. Recent results from our laboratory revealed a cellular mechanism for the contribution of the ER to autophagosomes in yeast: membranes, together with unconventional membrane fusion machinery, are delivered to sites of autophagosome formation by specific coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles.Ministerio de Ciencia BFU2014-59309-P, BFU2016-78265-
Limited ER quality control for GPI-anchored proteins
No full textEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control mechanisms target terminally misfolded proteins for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Misfolded glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are, however, generally poor ERAD substrates and are targeted mainly to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation, leading to predictions that a GPI anchor sterically obstructs ERAD. Here we analyzed the degradation of the misfolded GPI-AP Gas1* in yeast. We could efficiently route Gas1* to Hrd1-dependent ERAD and provide evidence that it contains a GPI anchor, ruling out that a GPI anchor obstructs ERAD. Instead, we show that the normally decreased susceptibility of Gas1* to ERAD is caused by canonical remodeling of its GPI anchor, which occurs in all GPI-APs and provides a protein-independent ER export signal. Thus, GPI anchor remodeling is independent of protein folding and leads to efficient ER export of even misfolded species. Our data imply that ER quality control is limited for the entire class of GPI-APs, many of them being clinically relevant.We thank the Jigami laboratory for plasmids and Martin Spiess and Robert Ernst for critical reading of the manuscript.
This work was supported by the Swiss National Center for Competence in Research (Chemical Biology) and the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung to H. Riezman and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (BFU2009-07290 and BFU2014-59309-P) and the Junta de Andalucia (P09-CVI-4503) to M. Muñiz and V. Goder.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Author Contributions: N. Sikorska, L. Lemus, A. Aguilera-Romero, M. Muñiz, and V. Goder designed experiments. N. Sikorska, L. Lemus, A. Aguilera-Romero, J. Manzano-Lopez, and V. Goder performed experiments. N. Sikorska, L. Lemus, A. Aguilera-Romero, J. Manzano-Lopez, H. Riezman, M. Muñiz, and V. Goder evaluated data. V. Goder wrote the manuscript.S
The image of illness in Veit Stoss’s works of art
No full textThe article takes up the issue of ideological connections between the philosophy of man developed in the 15th century by the Cracovian masters from the Universitatis Cracoviensis and Cracovian Gothic art, above all the sculptures created by Veit Stoss in his Cracovian period. The German master-carver showed in his Cracovian Altarpiece a vast range of individual portrait-studies, realistic and naturalistic in character. During the Cracovian period some essential transformations took place in Veit Stoss’s oeuvre. He created naturalistic portrait-studies unknown in the European art of the time, depicting even pathological changes, such as cancerous skin lesions,which Stoss perceived on the human body. We have known – on the basis of archival sources – that Veit Stoss maintained friendly contacts with Jan of Głogów, author of the treatise Physionomia hincinde ex illustribus scriptoribus per venerabilem virum magistrum Joannem Glogoviensem diligentissime recol lecta, printed in Kraków in 1518. I wish to prove that the content of this treatise – includingtheissueofskindiseases – found its reflection in the art of one of the leading sculptors of the late medieval Europe
Glycosylation can influence topogenesis of membrane proteins and reveals dynamic reorientation of nascent polypeptides within the translocon
No full textThe topology of multispanning membrane proteins in the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum is thought to be dictated primarily by the first hydrophobic sequence. We analyzed the in vivo insertion of a series of chimeric model proteins containing two conflicting signal sequences, i.e., an NH(2)-terminal and an internal signal, each of which normally directs translocation of its COOH-terminal end. When the signals were separated by more than 60 residues, linear insertion with the second signal acting as a stop-transfer sequence was observed. With shorter spacers, an increasing fraction of proteins inserted with a translocated COOH terminus as dictated by the second signal. Whether this resulted from membrane targeting via the second signal was tested by measuring the targeting efficiency of NH(2)-terminal signals followed by polypeptides of different lengths. The results show that targeting is mediated predominantly by the first signal in a protein. Most importantly, we discovered that glycosylation within the spacer sequence affects protein orientation. This indicates that the nascent polypeptide can reorient within the translocation machinery, a process that is blocked by glycosylation. Thus, topogenesis of membrane proteins is a dynamic process in which topogenic information of closely spaced signal and transmembrane sequences is integrated
Protein O-mannosyltransferases participate in ER protein quality control
No full textIn eukaryotic cells, proteins enter the secretory pathway at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as linear polypeptides and fold after translocation across or insertion into the membrane. If correct folding fails, many proteins are O-mannosylated inside the ER by an O-mannosyltransferase, the Pmt1p-Pmt2p complex. The consequences of this modification are controversial and the cellular role of the Pmt1p-Pmt2p complex in this respect is unclear. Here, we have identified the binding partners of yeast Pmt1p and Pmt2p. These include ER chaperones involved in oxidative protein folding; the Hrd1p complex, which is involved in ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD); and the p24 protein complex involved in ER export. The results suggest that the Pmt1p-Pmt2p complex participates in these processes. We tested this assumption in a functional assay and found that whereas the Pmt1p-Pmt2p complex promotes fast ER export of the GPI-anchored protein Gas1p, it retains the misfolded version Gas1*p and targets it to the Hrd1p complex for subsequent degradation. Our results reveal previously unknown cellular roles of the Pmt1p-Pmt2p complex in connection with the ERAD machinery and show its participation in ER protein quality control.Ministerio de Ciencia BFU2009-0729
Author's personal copy The ER-associated degradation component Der1p and its homolog Dfm1p are contained in complexes with distinct cofactors of the ATPase Cdc48p
No full textAbstract Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are often degraded in the cytosol by a process called ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). During ERAD in S. cerevisiae, the ATPase Cdc48p associates with Der1p, a putative component of a retro-translocation channel. Cdc48p also binds a homolog of Der1p, Dfm1p, that has no known function in ERAD. Here, we show that Der1p and Dfm1p are contained in distinct complexes. While the complexes share several ERAD components, only the Dfm1p complex contains the Cdc48p cofactors Ubx1p and Ubx7p, while the Der1p complex is enriched in Ufd1p. These data suggest distinct functions for the Der1p and Dfm1p complexes
Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation (ERAD) by Ubiquitin
No full textQuality control of protein folding inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) includes chaperone-mediated assistance in folding and the selective targeting of terminally misfolded species to a pathway called ER-associated protein degradation, or simply ERAD. Once selected for ERAD, substrates will be transported (back) into the cytosol, a step called retrotranslocation. Although still ill defined, retrotranslocation likely involves a protein conducting channel that is in part formed by specific membrane-embedded E3 ubiquitin ligases. Early during retrotranslocation, reversible self-ubiquitination of these ligases is thought to aid in initiation of substrate transfer across the membrane. Once being at least partially exposed to the cytosol, substrates will become ubiquitinated on the cytosolic side of the ER membrane by the same E3 ubiquitin ligases. Ubiquitin on substrates was originally thought to be a permanent modification that (1) promotes late steps of retrotranslocation by recruiting the energy-providing ATPase Cdc48p/p97 via binding to its associated adaptor proteins and that (2) serves to target substrates to the proteasome. Recently it became evident, however, that the poly-ubiquitin chains (PUCs) on ERAD substrates are often subject to extensive remodeling, or processing, at several stages during ERAD. This review recapitulates the current knowledge and recent findings about PUC processing on ERAD substrates and ubiquitination of ERAD machinery components and discusses their functional consequences
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