1,721,022 research outputs found
Overview of analytical methods for beavericin and fusaproliferin in food matrices
No full textIn the recent years, food safety has known an increasingly interest from both the consumers and the scientific community, and this resulted in a major focus among the objectives of the international institutions responsible for the food safety monitoring e.g. the European Union or the EFSA. One of the aspects that are of greater attention is the food colonization by microscopic fungi in aerobic conditions producing toxic secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins and their accumulation in the food chain. While numerous studies in the literature on surveillance, detoxification, prevention, and toxicological aspects are mostly concentrated on major mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and fumonisins, secondary metabolites toxic products of mycotoxins especially are less known or emerging. Among these molecules the family of beauvericin and fusaproliferin are certainly the most interesting ones. This review aims to summarize the reported data and analyse the methodologies to extract and quantify beauvericin and fusaproliferin in food matrices
Ochratoxin A adsorption phenotype: an inheritable yeast trait
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate the inheritance of the trait ochratoxin A adsorption in two wine strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their 46 descendants. Each strain was inoculated intriplicate in test tubes containing 10 mL of must obtained from the Calabrian Zibibbo white grape variety, artificially contaminated with ochratoxin A to reach a total content of 4.10 ng/mL. Themicrovinification trials were performed at 25°C. After 30 days, ochratoxin A values ranged from 0.74 to 3.18 ng/mL, from 0.01 to 2.69 ng/mL, and from 0.60 to 2.95 ng/mL respectively in wines,in lees after washing, and in the saline solution used to wash the lees. The analysis of OTA in wines was performed to find the residual toxin content after yeast activity, thus obtainingtechnological evidence of yeast influence on wine detoxification. The analysis of OTA in lees after washing was performed to distinguish the OTA linked to cells. The analysis of OTA in thesaline solution used to wash the lees was performed to distinguish the OTA adsorbed on yeast cell walls and removed by washing, thus focusing on the adsorption activity of wine yeastthrough electrostatic and ionic interactions between parietal mannoproteins and OTA. Ploidy of the two parental strains was controlled by flow cytometry. Results demonstrated that theochratoxin A adsorption is genetically controlled and is a polygenic inheritable trait of wine yeasts. The majority of the descendants are characterized by a great and significant diversitycompared to their parents. Both the parental strains had genome sizes consistent with their being diploid, so validating the observed results. These findings constitute an initial step to demonstrate the mechanisms of inheritance and establish breeding strategies to improve the ochratoxin A adsorption trait in wine yeasts. This will allow a decrease in the ochratoxin A content of contaminated musts during winemaking, by using genetically improved wine yeasts
Antioxidant Activity and Quality of Apple Juices and Puree After in vitro Digestion
No full textDietary recommendations include the consumption of fresh apples and processed apple based products mainly for the antioxidant properties associated to the polyphenols, and vitamin C content. Thermal treatment, generally used to extend shelf life of fruit based foodstuff, can affect the quality. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, and the total antioxidant activity in bio available fraction after in vitro digestion, have been evaluated in 16 apple-based nectars (fruit content: 30-60%), 15 apple-based juices (fruit content 100%) and 5 apple-based puree. Observed data indicate a 5-HMF values ranging from 0.06 mg/L in juices to 28.61 mg/L in nectars. The reducing sugar amount did not vary significantly between the three analysed typology of apple derivatives, while the ascorbic acid content was quite high compared to reported literature data. The antioxidant activity after an in vitro digestion showed values ranging from 0.21 to 7.68 mmol of Trolox in juices, and puree, respectively
Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins, Trichothecenes, Patulin, Fumonisins and Beauvericin in Finished Products for Human Consumption.
No full textMycotoxins are considered a serious threat for mankind health due to their ability to form toxic secondary
metabolites. For this reason, many efforts are actually in progress to reduce their impact on food, feed and food
chain by-products. In particular, a large part of the scientific investigation is focused on reducing the on field
contamination using an in situ agronomic approach or specific biological tools. In this paper, the reduction of
Aflatoxins (AFs), Ochratoxins (OTAs), Trichothecenes (TC), Patulin (PAT), Fumonisins (FBs) and Beauvericin (BEA)
in industrial processes addressed to obtain finished products for human consumption will be explored and analyzed.
In particular, performances of the main mycotoxins and corresponding reduction methodologies will be examined
together with the processes and the process conditions used during the usual commodities handling and foodstuff
manufacturing
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The soluble dietary fiber inulin can influence the bioaccessibility of enniatins
Full text linkEnniatins (ENs) are bioactive compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of several Fusarium
strains and are known to have various biological activities, such as acting as enzyme inhibitors,
antifungal antibacterial agents, and immunomodulatory substances. This study investigated the
bioaccessibility of the ENs in wheat crispy breads produced with three different inulin concentrations
(1, 5 and 10%). The mean bioaccessibility data of the four ENs (A, A1, B and B1) ranged from 68.67% to
84.67 in the experiments carried out without inulin, whereas the data ranged from 51.00 to 74.00% in
the experiments carried out with the wheat crispy bread produced with 5 and 10% of the inulin
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