1,721,004 research outputs found
Exploring the role of interlocutor identity on social attention
Full text linkEye-gaze stimuli can elicit orienting of attention in an observer (i.e., gaze-cueing of attention). Increasing evidence has shown that social factors modulate this phenomenon. At the same time, language has recently been considered a critical-cue for social categorization. Here, we explored the role of linguistic identity in the gaze-cueing effect. Italian native participants were familiarized with Caucasian faces together with auditory sentences. Half of the faces were associated with Italian (native-language) and the other half with an unknown language (Albanian, Exp.1, N=48; Basque, Exp.2, N=48). Participants then performed a gaze-cueing task (i.e., they discriminated a target located in congruent or incongruent positions according to gaze-direction) using the faces as cueing stimuli. Finally, the auditory sentences were presented again, and participants decided which face uttered each sentence. Results indicated that participants categorized faces according to the language they spoke, replicating the role of language in social categorization. In addition, results revealed a greater gaze-cueing effect for ‘Italian’ faces versus ‘Albanian’ faces (Exp.1), while similar gaze-cueing effects were observed between ‘Italian’ and ‘Basque’ faces (Exp.2). Results will be discussed also taking into account: a complementary attentional mechanism (attention-holding); and ii) another social factor: trustfulness of the speaker
The influence of face-ethnicity on word recognition: a cognitive pupillometry study
No full textEthnicity plays a substantial role in shaping the way faces are perceived. At the same time, several social factors seem to influence word recognition. However, there is currently a lack of research investigating whether word recognition is influenced by the ethnicity of concomitant facial stimuli. In a lexical-decision task, 48 Italian participants were presented with words and non-words along with Caucasian (ingroup) or Asian (outgroup) faces. Participants saw a face for 2000ms, followed by a linguistic-stimulus and decided whether the string of letters represented a word or a non-word in their native language (Italian). Reaction times were faster for words with respect to non-words (lexicality-effect), and for high-frequency with respect to low-frequency words (frequency-effect). Results also showed greater pupil dilation indicating increased attentional engagement towards outgroup-faces compared to ingroup-faces. Then, when the linguistic stimulus was presented, a first interaction was observed showing that pupil dilation was greater for words with respect to non-words when presented with an ingroup-face. The opposite emerged by presenting an outgroup-face. In addition, a substantial interaction was observed showing greater pupil dilation for high-frequency with respect to low-frequency words, only for outgroup-face. We interpreted these interactions as an indication that word-recognition processes (words and high-frequency words) can be dramatically affected by face-ethnicity. Our results allow us to interpret the cognitive pupillary-response as an index of word recognition influenced by the ethnicity of the face. The data from this study provides early support for the idea that social cues influence an automatic process such as word recognition
Does linguistic identity influence social attention? It depends on the perceived 'status' of the language
Full text linkEye-gaze stimuli can elicit orienting of attention in an observer (i.e., gaze-cueing of
attention). Recent evidence has shown that social factors modulate this phenomenon. At the
same time, recent evidence indicates that language is a cue for social categorization. Here, we
explored the role of categorization based on languages perceived differently in terms of social
status, on the gaze-cueing effect (GCE). Italian native participants were first familiarized with
eight Caucasian faces together with auditory sentences. In Experiment 1, half of the faces
were associated with Italian (native language), and the other half with the unknown Albanian
language (N = 48). In Experiment 2, the unknown language was Basque (N = 48).
Participants then performed a gaze-cueing task (i.e., they discriminated a target located in
congruent or incongruent positions, according to gaze direction) using the faces as cueing
stimuli. Finally, the auditory sentences were presented again, and participants had to
determine which face uttered each sentence. The results indicated that participants were more
likely to confuse faces from the same language than from the other language category,
highlighting the role of language in social categorization. Moreover, results revealed a greater
GCE for ‘Italian-faces’ versus ‘Albanian-faces’ (Exp.1), while similar gaze-cueing effects
were observed between ‘Italian’ and ‘Basque-faces’ (Exp.2), suggesting that differences in
perceived social status ascribed to the two unknown languages have modulated the GCE.
These findings revealed the impact of language as a social cue on the GCE, suggesting that
social attention is sensitive to the language of our interlocutors
The role of linguistic identity as a modulator of social attention
Full text linkRecent research suggests that language plays a critical role in social categorization. Furthermore, recent findings have shown that social factors can modulate gaze-cueing of attention (GCA). In 2 Experiments (N = 96) we investigated whether GCA is modulated by the linguistic identity associated with facial stimuli. Italian native participants were first familiarized with 8 faces and heard 3 sentences associated with them; half of the faces were associated with Italian sentences and the other half with two unknown languages (Albanian, Exp.1; Basque, Exp.2). Then, in a GCA task, the faces were used as cueing stimuli. Participants were instructed to discriminate a target located in valid or invalid positions according to gaze direction. Finally, all faces were presented along with the same 24 sentences in a recognition phase. Results in recognition showed that language is a tool for face categorization. Moreover, results suggest that linguistic identity plays a role in GCA
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
