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Strategie e performance nel mercato farmaceutico italiano: un'analisi empirica
No full textIl presente contributo prende le mosse da altre analisi precedentemente condotte con riferimento al mercato italiano, secondo cui le opportunità di ottenere un maggior fatturato per le aziende farmaceutiche potrebbero dipendere dalla strategia prescelta (laddove il confronto si pone tra una strategia conservatrice a fronte di una strategia innovativa, basata sull’introduzione di nuovi prodotti).
L’analisi svolta in questo lavoro ha come obiettivo la stima di un modello econometrico relativo al comportamento delle aziende farmaceutiche e al livello di fatturato da esse conseguito, che tenga conto di variazioni intervenute nel tempo e tra le unità osservate.
In questo contesto è stato ritenuto opportuno l’impiego di un modello a effetti fissi e un modello ad effetti random. Infatti, una peculiarità dei dati cross section in serie storica è l’eterogeneità non osservabile, in altre parole, la possibilità che vi siano effetti individuali che caratterizzano le osservazioni.
Il lavoro ha inteso verificare le seguenti ipotesi: A) Livelli di fatturato più elevati sono associati alle scelte delle aziende a favore di una strategia innovatrice, consistente nell’incremento del numero di prodotti e di classi terapeutiche e B) Le aziende che sperimentano una politica di fusioni e acquisizioni o appartengono a gruppi consolidati hanno maggiori opportunità di conseguire un più elevato livello di fatturato.
Complessivamente, queste ipotesi sono state verificate.
In definitiva può osservarsi come la strutturazione del processo di ricerca e sviluppo sia la chiave di volta per ottenere nuovi farmaci efficaci, maggiore competitività e più benessere sociale. Non è detto, tuttavia, che l’aumento delle risorse investite in ricerca porti con sé la scoperta di prodotti innovativi ed il “successo” economico dell’azienda, anche se è possibile ipotizzare una stretta correlazione tra livello di investimenti, prodotti innovativi e posizionamento aziendale (secondo il legame causale per cui più investimenti in ricerca conducono a più innovatività e a più fatturato).
Dal punto di vista macroeconomico, politiche pubbliche che incentivino la fase di R&S (eliminazione della frammentazione normativa, collaborazioni tra Università e Industria, etc.), ma anche la rimozione di vari ostacoli alla concorrenza, sembrano condizioni necessarie ancorché singolarmente non sufficienti per una decisiva inversione di rotta. Sui processi delineati pesano, però, le incertezze derivanti dalle politiche sanitarie pubbliche, in particolare sul versante della gestione del vincolo di bilancio, che in Italia spesso assumono la forma di politiche di inclusione/esclusione dalle classi di rimborso, o di ticketing o repricing (cfr. Gianfrate, 2002, Jacobzone, 2000, Mennini et al., 2005). Certamente gli ultimi provvedimenti normativi inerenti il settore farmaceutico (vedi Finanziaria 2007) sembrano far permanere le difficoltà sopra descritte. La “frammentazione” normativa e gli interventi di breve periodo e legati ad una logica congiunturale non aiutano il settore a programmare gli investimenti, soprattutto se il peso maggiore va a gravare proprio sul settore farmaceutico e non viene distribuito sull’intero settore sanitario tanto pubblico quanto privato.
Un’analisi di tipo macroeconomico dello scenario farmaceutico in Italia potrebbe, inoltre, rappresentare l’ideale complemento del presente lavoro analizzando come il settore farmaceutico è mutato nel corso dell’ultimo decennio e se le modificazioni delle variabili macro (spesa in R&S, rapporto importazioni-esportazioni, concentrazione del mercato e ruolo degli interventi regolatori) hanno avuto un impatto nei risultati economici del settore
A Macroeconomic analysis of institutional assets and their impact in modelling pharmaceutical market in Italy
No full textRationale Since its institution in 1978, the National Health Service in Italy has undergone two major reforms: the first one occurred in 1992/1993 and the second one in 1999/2000. The reform process has seen the increase of the degree of decentralization and the shift in the financial responsibility for health expenditures - from the central level of government to the local level of government -). The legislative measures implemented according to the health care reforms have modified the initial scenario, leading pharmaceutical firms to adapt their strategies to the arising challenges. Objectives The aim of this study is that of analysing how the Italian pharmaceutical market has been evolving across the last decades. The strategy selection process for pharmaceutical firms, in order to adapt to changes, might depend on some structural "exogenous" factors, such as regulatory issues, concentration in the market, etc., likely to influence firms' performances. Methodology In this paper, a sample of Italian pharmaceutical firms, representing the 75% of total sales, has been observed from 1978 on, when the National Health System was set out in Italy. Estimations have been carried out through a Fully Modified-LS (Phillips-Hansen) regression, given the presence of unit roots for the variables that have been employed. Moreover, structural changes occurred in the years immediately following the reforms in the health sector have been tested. Among variables included in the analysis there are level of revenues, dummies related to institutional change, health, R&S and pharmaceutical expenditure. Results Results of this paper explain trends in pharmaceutical industry in Italy from the institution of National Health Service till 2005: first of all, structural changes have been observed few years after the main reform of 1992/93; a minor impact on firms' revenues has been observed after the reform of 1999. Even if there has been an increase in number of products and level of R&S expenditure, the latter is still influenced by the high level of regulation and pricing policies. Qualified employment in the pharmaceutical sector do exert a positive impact on firms' revenues as well as mergers and acquisitions that, along time, have led to a more concentrated market. It still needs to be clarified the sustainability of the whole system in the next years, because of the aging population and the consequent increase in health expenditure demand. A positive impact of the openned towards foreigna markets is signalled by the value of the export/import ratio. Conclusions Strategies and performances of pharmaceutical firms have to be analysed looking at macro variables instead of micro and behavioural factors only. Institutional assets do have a role in determining variations in their economic results
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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