1,721,051 research outputs found
Low blood alcohol concentrations and driving impairment - A review of experimental studies and international legislation
No full textWhile noting that there is no international scientific or legislative uniformity in blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels admissible for driving motor vehicles, the authors analyse problems concerning the effects of low levels of ethyl alcohol on driving ability. A summary of the international literature on this subject reveals: - the existence of contrasting assumptions, with scientific evidence clearly demonstrating altered psychomotor functions; - the need to adopt sufficiently complex psychometric tests to reveal the effects of low BACs; - the need to improve standardization of experimental studies on man-machine interaction; - the need to investigate the following areas: tolerance to alcohol; low BACs with inexperienced, infrequent drinkers and chronic, heavy drinkers; hangover effects; alcoholgender-age interactions, and specific effects on young drivers; alcohol-drug combinations. The analysis of legislation and enforcement policies also reveals the need for: - re-evaluation of the international legal BAC threshold and standardization of procedures for ascertaining the degree of driving disability; - further scientific research to compare and evaluate selected legislative initiatives currently in place in most states; to identify the best strategies and procedures to detect and arrest impaired drivers; to determine the optimum random testing rate to maximize deterrent effects in the workplace at minimal cost; to design innovative and comprehensive approaches to rehabilitation programs needed for subgroups of offenders and of workers; to study the effectiveness of new legislations and policies. © 1994 Springer-Verlag
Low blood alcohol concentrations and driving impairment. A review of experimental studies and international legislation.
No full textWhile noting that there is no international scientific or legislative uniformity in blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels admissible for driving motor vehicles, the authors analyse problems concerning the effects of low levels of ethyl alcohol on driving ability. A summary of the international literature on this subject reveals: - the existence of contrasting assumptions, with scientific evidence clearly demonstrating altered psychomotor functions; - the need to adopt sufficiently complex psychometric tests to reveal the effects of low BACs; - the need to improve standardization of experimental studies on man-machine interaction; - the need to investigate the following areas: tolerance to alcohol; low BACs with inexperienced, infrequent drinkers and chronic, heavy drinkers; hangover effects; alcohol-gender-age interactions, and specific effects on young drivers; alcohol-drug combinations. The analysis of legislation and enforcement policies also reveals the need for: - re-evaluation of the international legal BAC threshold and standardization of procedures for ascertaining the degree of driving disability; - further scientific research to compare and evaluate selected legislative initiatives currently in place in most states; to identify the best strategies and procedures to detect and arrest impaired drivers; to determine the optimum random testing rate to maximize deterrent effects in the workplace at minimal cost; to design innovative and comprehensive approaches to rehabilitation programs needed for subgroups of offenders and of workers; to study the effectiveness of new legislations and policies
Distal movement of maxillary canines and premolars with sectional mechanics following Distal Jet application to molars [Utilizzo dei sezionali di arretramento per premolari e canini superiori dopo la distalizzazione molare con Distal Jet]
No full textObjectives: to assess the effectiveness of Distal Jet without simultaneous fixed appliance treatment.
Subjects and methods: twenty subjects with Class II malocclusion who received the Distal Jet appliance to move maxillary molars distally. Subsequently,the canine and premolar distal movements were achieved by the use of .017 x .025 Ni-Ti sectional wires and memory power chain.
Results: revealed that Distal Jet is more effective with less anchorage loss when this appliance is used independent of multibracket appliances.
Conclusion: this study showed that Distal Jet is an effective and predictable appliance. The distal movements of upper premolars, canines and incisors with sectional wires fabricated from .017 x .025 Ni-Ti were biomechanically very effective, simple in clinical application, and did not require any patient compliance
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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