1,721,025 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Study of plasma spectrometry techniques for the analysis of complex optical spectra materials : application to rare earths elements and plastics
No full textLa LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) est une technique d'analyse élémentaire basée sur l'exploitation du spectre d'émission optique issu de l'ablation laser d'un échantillon. Aujourd'hui, la LIBS ne s'est pas encore imposée comme une technique de choix pour la majorité des applications comme c'est le cas pour les techniques de plasma à couplage inductif. L'une des principales raisons à cela est la difficulté à fournir des mesures quantitatives justes. Il existe donc aujourd'hui une nécessité de mieux comprendre et caractériser les plasmas et les phénomènes issus de l'interaction laser-Matière sur tout type de matériaux pour améliorer les performances de cette technique analytique. Cette interaction laser/matière étant, de plus, spécifique au type de matériau analysé, il est indispensable d'étudier ces effets sur une vaste gamme de matériaux. Deux types d'échantillons ont donc été utilisés pour étudier les plasmas LIBS: des matériaux contenant des terres rares et des matériaux plastiques. Les travaux réalisés sur les terres rares ont permis de sélectionner des raies d'analyse « disponibles », c'est-À-Dire sans interférences spectrales provenant des autres éléments de cette famille et suffisamment sensibles pour réaliser une analyse quantitative. Cette étude a mis en avant le fait que les effets de matrice dus à la quantité de terres rares et à la nature de l'échantillon sont importants. Ces effets de matrice sont propres à chaque élément et à chaque matrice, ils sont donc à prendre en considération pour toute analyse LIBS d'un échantillon contenant plusieurs terres rares. Si l'accumulation d'un grand nombre de terres rares a un effet significatif sur le signal d'un de ces analytes, leurs présences en nombre et quantité limitée (2 à 4) donnent un effet compensable par étalonnage interne. Dans le cadre de l'analyse LIBS des matériaux plastiques, une étude détaillée du signal en utilisant différentes conditions de plasma a été réalisée. L'analyse quantitative s'est portée sur plusieurs éléments dont certains difficiles à exciter comme le brome et le chlore. Grâce à l'utilisation d'une atmosphère contrôlée d'hélium, la détection des halogènes employés comme retardateurs de flamme dans les plastiques, a été possible. Un important effet de matrice a été observé à 266 nm en comparaison avec les résultats obtenus à 532 nm. Cependant, ces différences marquées à 266 nm ont permis la discrimination des quatre familles de polymères étudiées. En présence d'hélium, des différences significatives ont été obtenues pour les rapports C2/He et CN/He. En les traçant l'un en fonction de l'autre, il est ainsi possible de discriminer les différents types de plastiques étudiésThe LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) technique is an elemental analysis technique based on the use of the optical emission spectrum from a sample of laser ablation. Today, LIBS has not emerged as a technique of choice for the majority of applications, as is the case for inductive coupled plasma techniques. One of the main reasons for this is the difficulty in providing accurate quantitative measurements. So there is now a need to better understand and characterize plasmas and phenomena from laser-Matter interaction on all types of materials to improve the performance of this analytical technique. This laser/material interaction is specific to the type of material analyzed, so it is essential to study these effects on a wide range of materials. Two types of samples have been used to study LIBS plasmas: materials containing rare earths and plastics. Work on rare earths were used to select the analytical lines free of spectral interference from other elements of this family and sensitive enough to carry out a quantitative analysis. This study highlighted the fact that the matrix effects due to the amount of rare earth and nature of the sample are important. These matrix effects are unique to each element and matrix, so they are to be considered in all LIBS analysis of a sample containing several rare earths. If the accumulation of a large number of rare earths (i.e 12) has a significant effect on the signal of the analytes, the effect of a limited number (i.e. 2 to 4) could be compensated by use on an internal standard. In the context of the LIBS analysis of plastic materials, a detailed study of the signal using different plasma conditions was performed. The quantitative analysis was focused on several elements, including bromine and chlorine which are difficult to excite. Through the use of a controlled atmosphere of helium, the detection of halogens used as flame retardants in plastics was significantly improved. An important matrix effect was observed at 266 nm in comparison with the results obtained at 532 nm. However, these differences at 266 nm allowed the discrimination of four families of polymers studied. In the presence of helium, significant differences were obtained for the C2 / He and CN / He ratios. This criteria was found to be relevant for the discrimination between the different types of plastics studie
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Study of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the on-line analysis of liquid samples
No full textLe contrôle des procédés représente un enjeu majeur pour les industries chimiques et pétrochimiques afin de garantir la qualité des produits, le contrôle des coûts, le maintien de la productivité et la maîtrise des risques. L'analyse menée directement au coeur des procédés constitue la voie la plus efficace. Cependant, dans la majorité des applications, les analyses élémentaires sont réalisées essentiellement en laboratoire et très rarement en ligne, par la mise en oeuvre de différentes technologies, le plus souvent lourdes et onéreuses. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un grand projet d'innovation qui couvre le champ de l'analyse élémentaire en ligne, domaine actuellement peu étudié. La technique d'analyse retenue est la spectrométrie LIBS en raison de sa rapidité et de son application à tout état de la matière sans préparation d'échantillon, ce qui lui offre un fort potentiel pour l'analyse en ligne. Cette technique est investiguée afin de réaliser des analyses en ligne d'éléments présents dans des matrices liquides : saumures, huiles silicone et produits pétroliers. L'optimisation des différents paramètres de mesure est réalisée et une approche d'optimisation s'appuyant sur un plan d'expériences est proposée. Différents modes d'échantillonnage de liquide et plusieurs montages LIBS sont étudiés afin de répondre aux problématiques évoquées. Enfin, une transposition au monde industriel est présentée avec le suivi du soufre en ligne dans des produits pétroliers sur un pilote industriel. Les résultats sont encourageants, mais la stabilité perfectible des mesures dans le temps implique d'explorer de nouvelles pistes d'améliorationProcess control is a major challenge for chemical and petrochemical industries so as to ensure product quality, cost control, sustainable productivity and risk management. To do so, carrying out the analysis directly at the core of the process is the most efficient way. However, for most applications, elemental analyzes are mainly performed in the laboratory and rarely on-line, which requires the implementation of different technologies, usually complex and expensive. This work is part of a large innovative project that covers the field of on-line elemental analysis, a research area still understudied to this day. The analytical technique selected here is the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Indeed, its speed and its capability to analyze all states of matter without sample preparation, gives it a great potential for on-line analysis. This technique is investigated in order to achieve on-line analysis of elements contained in various liquid matrices: brines, silicone oils and petroleum products. The optimization of different measurement parameters is performed, including an experimental design based approach. Different liquid sampling configurations and several LIBS setups are designed in order to tackle the issues encountered. Finally, a transposition to the industrial world is presented through on-line monitoring of sulfur in petroleum products on an industrial pilot process. The results are promising, but improving the stability of measurements over time still requires further researc
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Detection of metallic pollutants particles in liquids by laser laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
No full textLa pollution des eaux est une préoccupation majeure relayée par la Communauté Européenne. Cette problématique s'accentue avec les particules métalliques et l'émergence de produits nanostructurés tels les Nano-objets, leurs Agrégats et leurs Agglomérats (NOAA). Ces NOAA constituent un cas particulier de polluants du fait de leurs propriétés physicochimiques. La surveillance et le contrôle de ces polluants dans les eaux, nécessite le développement d'instruments de mesure aptes à répondre à ce fléau environnemental. Dans ce contexte, la technique de spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser ou Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) a été retenue à l'INERIS. Elle permet l'identification chimique élémentaire des polluants sous forme particulaire dans la matrice liquide et la détermination de leurs concentrations in-situ et en temps réel. Ce travail de thèse a permis d'optimiser l'analyse des suspensions par LIBS avec deux modes d'échantillonnage. La première partie de l'étude a porté sur le couplage LIBS avec un jet liquide et les limites de détection du titane ont été évaluées à 0.5 mg/L. Dans la deuxième partie, les suspensions ont été aérosolisées avec un nébuliseur et analysées par LIBS. Les résultats obtenus en comparant ces deux modes d'échantillonnage montrent que le jet liquide peut être avantageux pour l'analyse de particules dans les liquides. Cependant le mode aérosol présente un intérêt pratique à condition d'avoir un rendement d'aérosolisation supérieur à 50%. Au final, ce travail de thèse démontre l'applicabilité de la LIBS comme outil potentiel pour l'analyse in situ de particules dans les liquides telle que la surveillance et le contrôle des eaux uséesWater pollution is a major concern, as noted by the European Community. This problem is accentuated with metallic particles and the emergence of nanostructured products such as Nano-Objects, their Aggregates and their Agglomerates (NOAA). These are the special types of pollutants owing their physicochemical properties. The monitoring and control of these pollutants in water require the development of measurement instruments which are capable to anwer this environmental problem. In this context, the technique of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been developed at INERIS. It not only allows the chemical identification of these particles pollutants present in liquids, but also the determination of their concentrations in situ and in real time. This thesis has optimized the analysis of suspensions by LIBS with two sampling modes. The first mode focused on coupling LIBS with a liquid jet in which the detection limits of titanium dioxide were estimated at 0.5 mg/L. In the second mode, the suspensions were aerosolized with a nebulizer and analyzed by LIBS. The results obtained by comparing these two sampling modes show that the liquid jet may be advantageous for the analysis of suspensions. However, the aerosol mode has a practical interest if it has an aerosolization efficiency of over 50%. Finally, this work demonstrates the applicability of LIBS as a potential tool for in situ particle analysis of suspensions such as monitoring and control of wastewate
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