1,721,085 research outputs found
Degrés d'utilisation des facteurs et demande d'investissement et de travail
No full text[fre] Les représentations habituelles clés comportements d'emploi et d'investissement dépendent étroitement de la spécification retenue pour le modèle de production. Ainsi, l'effet attribué aux variations du coût relatif travail-capital sur la technique de production découle des hypothèses de subtilité, ex ante et ex post, des facteurs.. Cet article montre que la prise en compte des degrés d'utilisation du capital et clé travail amène à trouver de fortes similitudes entre les représentations des demandes de facteurs issus des différents modèles de production. On montre en effet que cette prise en compte dans un modèle de production clay-clay débouche sur une relation directe entre la représentation de la substitution du capital au travail et les modifications du coût relatif clés facteurs. [eng] Factors utilisation levels and capital labour demands. Gilbert Cette. Usual representations of labour and capital demands depend strongly on the specification of the production function. Thus the effect of the variations in the relative prices coefficient on the production technique derives from ex-ante and ex-post factors substituability hypothesises.. This paper showes that the integration of capital and labour utilisation levels lead us to strong similarities between factors demand representations obtained from different production models. We show that ihls integration in a clay-clay production model opens to direct relation between capital and labour substitution formalization and factors relative prices modifications.
Challenges of the “New Economy” for Monetary Policy
No full textWhile much attention has focused on the factors that brought about the so-called new economy, much less attention has been paid to optimal policy responses following the establishment of the new economy. In the third article, Gilbert Cette and Christian Pfister from the Bank of France provide such an analysis for the case of monetary policy. They state that the term ‘new economy’ embodies both an acceleration in productivity growth and a disinflationary effect. Central banks can respond to the new economy in several ways in attempting to meet their short-term growth objectives and longer-term inflation objectives. In the long term, monetary policy is most effective in achieving its objectives when the inflation target is changed in response to the new economy and when the monetary authority attempts to stabilize both inflation and output. In the short term, however, when uncertainties regarding the existence of the new economy are present, caution is called for in changing the assessment of the potential growth rate and the inflation target.Monetary Policy, New Economy, Inflation, Inflation Targeting, Central Bank, Monetary Authority, Taylor Rule, Total Factor Productivity
Are Productivity Levels Higher in Some European Countries than in the United States?
No full textEstimates produced by the OECD indicate that labour productivity levels are higher in a number of European countries than in the United States, implying that Europe and not the United States is the world technological leader. The author argues that a structural measure of labour productivity, closer to a measure of technical efficiency, would take into account the much lower employment rates and hours of work in Europe. Low employment rates reflect the exclusion of certain low-porductivity groups such as the young and older workers from the labour force. Shorter average hours of work mean that workers experience less fatigue and are more focused when on the job. Consequently, the author argues that there are diminshing returns to the employment rate and hours of work in terms of productivity and that once these effects are taken into account, the United States reemerges as the world technology leader as manifested by labour productivity levels.Productivity Growth, Productivity, Labour Productivity, Human Capital, Work Hours, Organization, Organizational Change, Organizational Innovation, Europe, United States
L'efficacité du capital fixe dans l'industrie 1959-1979
No full textThe efficiency of fixed capital in industry, by Gilbert Cette.
The very appreciable inflection of the efficiency of productive fixed capital curve after 1974 —as well as that of the productivity of laborraises the question of a possible exhaustion of technological progress. However, we may wonder whether this inflection is not in great part ascribable to changes in the rate of utilization of production capacities and in the duration of the utilization of equipment.
This article analyzes the evolution between 1960 and 1979, of the efficiency of fixed capital in French industry, broken down into three major branches: intermediate goods, capital goods, and consumer goods.
Part one, which is very descriptive, shows that the inflection, after 1974, of the apparent efficiency of capital curve in the different branches of industry seems to be a consequence of variations in the rate and duration of the utilization of equipment. Given a constant duration of utilization, the evolution of the potential efficiency of «material» capital was very steady over the whole period. The potential hourly efficiency of the totality of fixed capital (material + buildings), likewise underwent no inflexion in 1974, but did not evolve in the same way. Indeed, growth in «buildings» capital was very scanty between 1959 and 1979, yet it did inflect slightly upwards after 1969. Therefore, given a constant duration of utilization of equipment, the potential efficiency of total fixed capital rose steadily from 1959 to 1969, then became stable until 1979.
In part two, the estimation of a production function with complementary factors confirms these results. Here, fixed capital was measured in terms of «material» capital, more appropriate for an econometric study of the relation between potential production and capital stock. Estimates definitely show remarkable stability of technological progress coefficients, which modify the potential hourly efficiency of material capital.
The downward inflexion of the apparent efficiency of industrial fixed capital from 1973-1974, thus appears to be less ascribable to an exhaustion of technological progress and slowing up of its spread to the most recent generations of capital, than it is ascribable to changes occuring, from the very beginning of the crisis, in the utilization (rate and duration) of industrial equipment.L'efficacité du capital fixe dans l'industrie,
par Gilbert Cette.
L'inflexion très sensible de l'efficacité du capital productif fixe après 1974 pose, comme de la productivité du travail, la question d'un éventuel épuisement du progrès technique. Pourtant, on peut se demander si cet infléchissement n'est pas en grande partie imputable aux modifications du taux d'utilisation des capacités de production et de la durée d'utilisation des équipements.
Cet article analyse l'évolution, entre 1960 et 1979, de l'efficacité du capital fixe dans l'industrie française décomposée en trois grandes branches (biens intermédiaires, biens d'équipement, biens de consommation).
Une première partie, très descriptive, montre que le fléchissement, après 1974, de l'efficacité apparente du capital, dans les différentes branches industrielles, semble être une conséquence des variations du taux et de la durée d'utilisation des équipements. A durée d'utilisation constante, l'évolution de l'efficacité potentielle du capital matériel est très régulière sur toute la période. L'efficacité potentielle horaire du capital fixe total (matériel + bâtiment) ne connaît également pas d'inflexion en 1974 mais n'évolue pas de façon identique. En effet, la croissance du capital bâtiment est très faible entre 1959 et 1979, mais s'infléchit légèrement à la hausse après 1969. Aussi, à durée d'utilisation des équipements constante, l'efficacité potentielle du capital fixe total s'élève régulièrement de 1959 à 1969 pour se stabiliser ensuite jusqu'en 1979.
L'estimation, dane la deuxième partie, d'une fonction de production à facteurs complémentaires, confirme ces résultats. La mesure du capital fixe qui a été ici retenue est le capital matériel, plus approprié à l'étude économétrique de la relation entre la production potentielle et le stock d'équipement. Une remarquable stabilité des coefficients de progrès technique modifiant l'efficacité potentielle horaire du capital matériel ressort très nettement des estimations.
L'inflexion à la baisse de l'efficacité apparente du capital fixe industriel, à partir de 1973-1974, paraît donc moins imputable à un épuisement du progrès technique et à un ralentissement de sa diffusion dans les plus récentes générations de capital qu'aux modifications, dès l'entrée dans la crise, de l'utilisation (taux et durée) des équipements.Cette Gilbert. L'efficacité du capital fixe dans l'industrie 1959-1979. In: Économie & prévision, n°50, 1981-5. pp. 3-21
Jacques Barthélémy, Gilbert Cette, Travailler au xxie siècle. L’ubérisation de l’économie ?
Full text linkTravailler au xxie siècle. L’ubérisation de l’économie ? s’inscrit dans le fil de la collaboration engagée depuis quinze ans par Jacques Barthélémy et Gilbert Cette, faisant dialoguer leurs expertises économiques et juridiques des mutations du marché du travail et de leurs implications. L’ouvrage alterne ainsi analyses statistiques de l’emploi et analyses juridiques au fil de deux parties consacrées à un état des lieux puis à une réflexion prospective. Cet ouvrage est en même temps le fruit d..
The Diffusion of ICTs and Growth of the French Economy over the Long-term, 1980-2000
No full textMajor European countries, unlike the United States, did not experience an acceleration in labour productivity growth in the second half of the 1990s. In this article, Gilbert Cette from the Bank of France and the University of Aix-Marseilles II, Jacques Mairesse of INSEE-CREST, and Yusef Kocoglu of the University of Aix-Marseilles provide a detailed growth accounting of the impact of diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on economic growth in France over the 1980-2000 period. They find that total factor productivity growth picked up considerably in the second half of the 1990s relative to the first half, but that labour productivity growth actually decelerated. This latter development was related to the more than 2 percentage point turnaround in employment growth, in part caused by policies aimed at enhancing the employment component of growth, such as the 35 hour week. They estimate that the contribution of ICTs to output and productivity growth has been sizeable in France, but much less than in the United States, in part because of the smaller size of the French ICT sector. But they argue that having a large ICT-producing sector is not a necessary condition to obtain the full benefits from ICT use and conclude that the ICT contribution to growth in France and other European countries could increase significantly in coming years.France, Productivity, Growth, ICT, Information, Communication, Technology, Labour Productivity, Labor Productivity, Multifactor Productivity, Multi-factor Productivity, Total Factor Productivity, Innovation, Acceleration
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Durée du travail, boucle prix-salaire et taux de chômage d'équilibre
No full text[eng] Work duration wage-price spiral and equilibrium unemployment rate. Gilbert Cette. This paper assess the general reduction of work duration conse quences (RWD) on the long run equilibrium unemployment rate. Our framework is the price-wage spirals which are included in the big macroeconomic models of the French economy. We point out the fea- tures of the price-wage spiral which allow for RWD scenario to affect the long-run equilibrium unemployment rate. When such effect takes place, we analyze each component influences'. We use the wage price spirals included in the main Keynesian macroeconomic models which are conventionally used in France to make an assessment of economic policies. If there is any impact on the equilibrium unemployment rate, we reach the conclusion that it is not necessarily positive. In fact, it can be either negative. In order to push down the equilibrium unemployment rate, the components of the RWD scenario must fulfill some conditions : the productivity gap induced by the RWD have to finance costs increase due to the RWD, and linked to the existence of fixed costs per worker and to the increase of hourly gains associated with the RWD. Eventually, results appear trivial : a RWD scenario will bring down the equilibrium rate of unemployment if it does not raise the production costs. In other cases, the equilibrium unemployment rate may be pushed up. [fre] Cette étude se propose d'apporter quelques éléments au débat théorique concernant l'impact d'un scénario général de réduction du temps de travail (RTT) sur le taux de chômage d'équilibre de long terme implicite aux boucles prix-salaire des grands modèles macroéconomiques français. Cette analyse vise donc à expliciter pour quelles spécifications de la boucle prix-salaire un scénario de RTT peut modifier le taux de chômage d'équilibre de long terme, mais aussi l'influence de chacune des composantes du scénario sur la modification (quand elle existe). A cette fin, les boucles prix-salaire retenues s'inspirent de celles adoptées par les principaux modèles macroéconomiques neo-keynésiens couramment utilisés en France pour des évaluations de politiques économiques. Il ressort de l'analyse que l'impact d'un scénario de RTT sur le taux de chômage d'équilibre (quand il existe) n'est pas nécessairement favorable : en toute généralité, il peut être positif ou négatif. Les composantes du scénario de RTT doivent respecter certaines contraintes pour que le taux de chômage d'équilibre soit abaissé. Il y aura baisse du taux de chômage d'équilibre si les gains de productivité horaires induits par la RTT permettent de financer les augmentations de coûts liés à la RTT, et correspondants aux coûts fixes par travailleur, et à l'augmentation du revenu salarial horaire associée à la RTT. On retrouve ici un résultat assez trivial : un scénario de RTT abaisse le niveau du taux de chômage d'équilibre s'il n'augmente pas les coûts de production de l'entreprise. Dans le cas contraire, il peut élever le taux de chômage d'équilibre.
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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