1,720,971 research outputs found
Allocation of interaction time as matching of social distance. Application in trust game
No full textilustraciones, diagramasLa distancia social (DS) es una medida psicofísica sobre la cercanía o lejanía con la que una persona percibe a otras. En el análisis de la conducta esta medida ha sido usada en el descuento social, en forma de ordenación de preferencia con la posición de cada persona en un grupo definido previamente. Una vez establecida la ordenación, el participante elige en función de la distancia social entregar un monto de dinero. Si la distancia es mayor, el dinero entregado disminuye y viceversa, así que la distancia social pronostica la conducta altruista. La medición de distancia social ha indicado una preferencia ordinal, pero no muestra la magnitud o cardinalidad de la preferencia, así como advertir la relevancia de la interacción en la medida. De igual manera, la distancia social es asemejada a una dimensión física de longitud (espacio) como estructuración de las relaciones sociales. En contraste, considerando la interacción en la ordenación de preferencia, el tiempo como otra dimensión física que podría indicar una medida de distancia social. Con lo anterior, la ordenación de preferencia medida por el tiempo puede relacionarse, a su vez, con conductas prosociales en las que sean asignados recursos a otros con un costo propio para quien los asigna.
Esta investigación propone que la disposición a distribuir tiempo para interactuar (TI) iguala a la ordenación de distancia social. También se plantea que la distribución de tiempo puede servir como predictor de la asignación de recursos a otros. Las hipótesis son evaluadas en cuatro estudios. En el primero, los participantes imaginaron grupos con personas conocidas, distribuyeron tiempos de interacción (duración, espera y repetición), para después ordenar el grupo de acuerdo con la escala discreta de distancia social. En el segundo, otros participantes conformaron grupos en los que interactuaron realmente en dos momentos realizando tareas académicas, desarrollando al final de cada momento la tarea de distribución de tiempos de duración de interacción y la ordenación de preferencia. Se plantearon los dos momentos para revisar el efecto de la interacción real sobre la disposición a distribuir tiempo para volver a interactuar, además de observar si la ordenación de distancia social se mantuvo o cambió. En el tercero, igual que en el primer estudio, los participantes imaginaron grupos de personas que conocían para desarrollar con la distribución de tiempo en la duración a volver a interactuar y la ordenación de preferencia, para después hacer una tarea de entrega de dinero con la estructura del juego de la confianza. En el cuarto, los participantes conformaron grupos llevando a cabo interacciones reales con labores académicas durante cuatro momentos, para al final de cada momento llevar a cabo las tareas de asignación, ordenación y entrega de dinero. Los 4 momentos fueron considerados para examinar el cambio de ajuste de las variables dada la interacción.
En general, la evidencia encontrada muestra una relación inversa entre la distribución de tiempo de interacción y la ordenación de distancia social. Además, la distribución de tiempo de interacción, como igualación de distancia social, predice la conducta de entrega de dinero a otros, según lo registrado con el esquema de juego de confianza utilizado. Los resultados del estudio 1 indicaron que las medidas de distribución de tiempo como duración de una interacción y disposición a seguir interactuando, si aumentan la distancia social es menor, mientras que con la espera para volver a interactuar la relación fue directa. El estudio 2, además de coincidir las estimaciones con el anterior, mostró que las 3 medidas de asignación de tiempo mejoraron del momento 1 al 2, en especial para el individuo considerado como más cercano. En el estudio 3, la duración de la interacción explicó en 85% la variación de la DS, mientras que la duración de la interacción está correlacionada directamente con la entrega de dinero en el juego, con un R2=0,71. Finalmente, el estudio 4 con los datos obtenidos en los cuatro momentos, fue corroborado lo hallado en el anterior, con R2=0,98. En el momento 3 de este estudio, cuando los grupos se reconfiguraron con participantes sin interacción, el TI explicó la DS en 73%. (Texto tomado de la fuente)Social distance (SD) is a psychophysical measure of the closeness or distance with which a person perceives others. In behavior analysis, this measure is used in the social discount, in the form of preference ordering with the position of each person in a previously defined group. Once the ordering is established, the participant chooses based on the social distance to deliver an amount of money, so if the distance is greater, the money delivered decreases and vice versa, so the social distance predicts altruistic behavior. The measurement of social distance has indicated an ordinal preference, but does not show the magnitude or cardinality of the preference, as well as noticing the relevance of the interaction in the measurement. In the same way, social distance is similar to a physical dimension of length (space) as a structuring of social relations. In contrast, considering the interaction in preference ordering, time as another physical dimension that could indicate a measure of social distance. With the above, the ordering of preference measured by time can be related, in turn, to prosocial behaviors in which resources are assigned to others at their own cost to the assigner.
This research proposes that the willingness to allocate time to interact (TI) equals the ordering of social distance. It is also suggested that the distribution of time can serve as a predictor of the allocation of resources to others. The hypotheses are tested in four studies. In the first, the participants imagined groups with familiar people, distributed interaction times (duration, wait, and repetition), and then ordered the group according to the discrete scale of social distance. In the second, other participants formed groups in which they actually interacted in two moments carrying out academic tasks, developing at the end of each moment the task of distribution of interaction duration times and the ordering of preference. The two moments were considered to review the effect of actual interaction on the willingness to allocate time to interact again, in addition to observing whether the order of social distance was maintained or changed. In the third, as in the first study, the participants imagined groups of people they knew to develop with the distribution of time in the duration to re-interact and the ordering of preference, to later do a task of giving money with the structure of the trust game. In the fourth, the participants formed groups carrying out real interactions with academic tasks during four moments, to at the end of each moment carry out the tasks of assigning, ordering and delivering money. The 4 moments were considered to examine the adjustment change of the variables given the interaction.
In general, the evidence found shows an inverse relationship between the distribution of interaction time and the ordering of social distance. In addition, the distribution of interaction time, such as social distance matching, predicts the behavior of giving money to others, as recorded with the trust game scheme used. The results of study 1 indicated that the measures of time distribution such as duration of an interaction and willingness to continue interacting, if they increase the social distance is less, while with the wait to interact again the relationship was direct. Study 2, in addition to matching the estimates with the previous one, showed that the 3 measures of time allocation improved from moment 1 to moment 2, especially for the individual considered closest. In study 3, the duration of the interaction explained 85% of the variation in SD, while the duration of the interaction is directly correlated with the delivery of money in the game, with R2=0.71. Finally, study 4 with the data obtained at the four moments, corroborated what was found in the previous one, with R2=0.98. At time 3 of this study, when the groups were reconfigured with participants without interaction, the IT explained the SD in 73%.DoctoradoDoctor en PsicologíaPsicología Básica y Experimental Elecciones sociale
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Cooperación y consumo de agua en hogares
No full textDecisions regarding household potable water consumption are interdependent, in search of individual welfare, implied and with no incentive to deviate. Some households can make moderate use of the resource, while others waste water recklessly. Those who make moderate use, knowing that others do so in excess, are not encouraged to continue the moderation; meanwhile, those who use potable water in excess, know others are moderate and therefore have not reason to decrease it. As a result, there is a social dilemma of common-pool resources (CPR), where there is an excessive consumption, exerting more pressure on supplying ecosystems. However, through an interaction system reproduced indefinitely, such social dilemma is solved by introducing a concept of cooperation in which all households obtain maximum individual satisfaction and society reduces pressure on water sources.As decisões de consumo de água potável das casas são interdependentes, em busca do bem estar individual, tácitas e sem incentivos para desviar. Algumas casas podem fazer uso moderado do recurso, enquanto que outras realizam gastos desmedidos. Aquelas que realizam consumos moderados, sabendo que outras o fazem em excesso, não têm estímulos para continuar a moderação; entretanto, as que consumem água potável em excesso sabem que outras são moderadas, assim que tampouco têm motivo algum para diminuir. Dado o anteriormente exposto, configura-se um dilema social de recursos de uso comum (RUC), em que há um consumo excessivo, exercendo maiores pressões sobre os ecossistemas abastecedores. Contudo, mediante um esquema de interação reproduzido indefinidamente, tal dilema social se resolve introduzindo um conceito de cooperação em que todas as casas obtenham a máxima satisfação individual e a sociedade reduza a pressão sobre as fontes hídricas.Las decisiones de consumo de agua potable de los hogares son interdependientes, en búsqueda del bienestar individual, tácitas y sin incentivos para desviarse. Algunos hogares pueden hacer uso moderado del recurso, mientras que otros realizan gastos desmedidos. Aquellos que realizan consumos moderados conociendo que otros lo hacen en exceso no tienen estímulos para continuar la moderación; entre tanto, los que consumen agua potable en exceso saben que otros son moderados, así que tampoco tienen razón alguna para disminuir. Dado lo anterior, se configura un dilema social de recursos de uso común (RUC), en el que hay un consumo desmesurado, ejerciendo mayores presiones sobre los ecosistemas abastecedores. Sin embargo, mediante un esquema de interacción reproducido indefinidamente, tal dilema social se resuelve introduciendo un concepto de cooperación en el que todos los hogares obtengan la máxima satisfacción individual y la sociedad reduzca la presión sobre las fuentes hídricas
Water demand in urban households and tariff changes in Bogotá
Get PDFStandard consumer theory suggests that economic agents respond to changes in prices of goods. However, all agents do not respond as quickly to these changes, for some particular goods, which is the case of drinking water. This article analyzes the correlation between the consumption of water bycontract account for each layer and the base charge component of the tariff, for which we estimate the elasticity of consumption with respect to backwardness of a rate period. This raises the basic variable rate is an effective tool for controlling excessive water consumption in the lower strata -1, 2 and 3-; in the other hand, this is not an effective mechanism in reducing consumption by home, to the upper strata -4, 5 and 6 -. Finally, alternatives are suggested in some literature, aimed at establishing management programs of urban water demandLa teoría estándar del consumidor plantea que los agentes económicos responden ante los cambios en los precios de un bien. Sin embargo, no todos los agentes responden con la misma velocidad ante estos cambios en algunos bienes particulares, este es el caso del agua potable. Este artículo analiza la correlación entre el consumo de agua por cuenta-contrato para cada estrato y el componente de cargo básico de la tarifa, para lo cual se estiman las elasticidades del consumo con respecto al rezago de un periodo de la tarifa. Así, se plantea que la tarifa variable básica es una herramienta efectiva para el control de consumos excesivos de agua en los estratos bajos -1, 2 y 3-, por el contrario, este no es un mecanismo eficaz en la disminución de los consumos por hogar para los estratos altos -4, 5 y 6-. Finalmente, se presentan alternativas que se sugieren en una parte de la literatura especializada, dirigidas al establecimiento de programas de gestión de la demanda de agua urban
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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