1,720,964 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The role of inducible costimulator-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation in the differentiation and function of follicular helper T cells
No full textAntibodies are crucial components of the adaptive immune arsenal against invading pathogens. Production of high-affinity class-switched antibodies relies on follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, a distinct subset of CD4 helper T cells that migrate into B cell follicles and promote B cell differentiation into plasma cells during germinal center (GC) reactions. The CD28-like costimulatory receptor Inducible Costimulator (ICOS) is expressed on the surface of activated T cells and is crucial for the generation of Tfh cells in mice and humans, but the molecular mechanisms remained unknown. ICOS had been known as a potent activator of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), but the role of ICOS-mediated PI3K activation in T cells has been poorly understood. The work presented here is a compilation of two studies that highlight the unique role of PI3K in ICOS-mediated Tfh cell differentiation and function. In the first study, presented in Chapter II, I analyzed a knock-in strain of mice possessing a point mutation in the cytoplasmic tail of ICOS that prevents binding of PI3K (ICOS-YF). I show that ICOS-mediated PI3K activation is crucial for the generation of Tfh cells, and in turn, GC formation, antibody class-switch, and affinity maturation. The ICOS-PI3K axis was crucial for the potentiation of T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated expression of IL-21 and IL-4, key cytokines involved in T cell-mediated B cell help. I also show data that strongly suggests that ICOS and CD28 have differential roles in the multistep process of Tfh cell differentiation, where CD28 is mainly involved in the early expansion of CD4 T cells through non-PI3K signaling mechanisms, while ICOS is involved in the later stages of Tfh cell differentiation in a PI3K-dependent manner. In the study presented in Chapter III, I show that ICOS costimulation enhances TCR-mediated activation of the key translation mediators 4E-BP1 and S6K, in a manner dependent on PI3K. Consistently, I show that the ICOS-PI3K axis enhances the formation of polysomes on IL-4 mRNA. Using an in vitro T-B cell co-culture system, I provide evidence that ICOS mutant CD4 T cells have impaired ability to induce B cell differentiation due to a limited production of IL-4. These findings suggest that ICOS-PI3K signaling facilitates targeted delivery of IL-4 from helper T cells to cognate B cells during T cell-B cell interactions in the GC. Thus, I demonstrate that PI3K is a key downstream signaling component in ICOS signaling during Tfh cell generation. I also show that ICOS-PI3K signaling can alter translational efficiency of pre-existing mRNAs suggesting ICOS' potential role in regulating the function of Tfh cells.Les anticorps sont des composantes cruciales de l'arsenal que le système immunitaire adaptatif utilise contre les pathogènes invasifs. La production d'anticorps de haute-affinité réarrangés par commutation isotypique nécessite l'apport des lymphocytes T auxiliaires folliculaires (Tfh), un sous-type de lymphocytes T auxiliaires CD4+ qui migrent dans les follicules nodules lymphatiques et y promeuvent la différentiation des cellules B en cellules plasmatiques, le tout durant les réactions du centre germinatif (GC). Le récepteur de costimulation de type CD28 Costimulateur Inductible (ICOS) est exprimé sur la surface des cellules T activées et joue un rôle critique dans la génération de cellules Tfh autant chez la souris que l'humain, cependant les mécanismes moléculaires demeurent inconnus. Jusqu'à présent, ICOS était reconnu comme un puissant activateur de la phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K), mais le rôle de l'activation de PI3K médiée par ICOS dans les cellules T demeure mal compris. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse retrace deux études qui décrivent le rôle unique de PI3K dans la fonction et la différentiation des cellules Tfh médiées par ICOS. Dans la première étude, présenté dans le Chapitre II, j'ai analysé une ligné de souris 'knock-in' possédant une mutation ponctuelle dans la région cytoplasmique de ICOS empêchant ainsi la liaison de PI3K (ICOS-YF). Je démontre que l'activation de PI3K médiée par ICOS demeure cruciale pour la génération de cellules Tfh, ainsi qu'en conséquence la formation des GC, la commutation isotypique d'anticorps et la maturation d'affinité. L'axe ICOS-PI3K s'avère critique pour la potentialisation de l'expression médiée par le récepteur de cellules T (TCR) de IL-21 et IL-4, des cytokines clés impliquées dans l'aide aux cellules B médiée par les cellules T. J'illustre également des résultats qui prouvent que ICOS et CD28 exercent des rôles distinct dans le processus complexe de la différentiation des cellules Tfh, où CD28 est principalement impliqué dans l'expansion précoce des cellules T CD4+ par l'entremise de mécanismes de signalisation indépendants de PI3K, tandis que ICOS s'engage plutôt de façon PI3K-dépendante dans les étapes tardives de la différentiation des cellules Tfh. Dans la seconde étude au Chapitre III, je révèle que la costimulation par ICOS augmente l'activation médiée par le TCR de médiateurs clés de la traduction de 4E-BP1 ainsi que S6K de façon dépendante à PI3K. De façon cohérente, je démontre que l'axe ICOS-PI3K augmente la formation de polysomes sur l'ARN messager d'IL-4. En utilisant un système in-vitro de co-culture de cellules T et B, je fourni des preuves que les cellules T CD4+ mutantes pour ICOS ont une capacité détérioré d'induire la différentiation de cellules B due à une production limitée d'IL-4. Ces découvertes suggèrent que la signalisation par ICOS-PI3K facilite l'acheminement dirigé d'IL-4 d'une cellule T auxiliaire à une cellule B apparentée durant une interaction entre les deux types cellulaires dans le GC. En conclusion, je démontre que PI3K est une composante de signalisation clé en aval de la signalisation par ICOS durant la génération de Tfh. De plus, je prouve que la voix ICOS-PI3K peut modifier l'efficacité de traduction d'ARN messager préexistant suggérant un rôle potentiel d'ICOS dans la régulation de la fonction des cellules Tfh
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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