1,720,960 research outputs found
The pollution load of combined sewer overflows and risks to England’s waterbodies: Relating event duration monitoring data to discharge consents from wastewater treatment works
No full textData availability: Data are available as Electronic supplementary information.All data used in this study are available through publicly accessible datasets (as cited). Data generated through the analyses are provided as Electronic Supplementary Information in the Supplementary Materials.Supplementary files:
Supplementary information: https://www.rsc.org/suppdata/d5/ew/d5ew00860c/d5ew00860c1.csv
CSV (4518K).
Supplementary information: https://www.rsc.org/suppdata/d5/ew/d5ew00860c/d5ew00860c2.xlsx
XLSX (1503K).
Supplementary information: https://www.rsc.org/suppdata/d5/ew/d5ew00860c/d5ew00860c3.csv
CSV (855K).
Supplementary information: https://www.rsc.org/suppdata/d5/ew/d5ew00860c/d5ew00860c4.pdf
PDF (138K).The increasing frequency of Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) has heightened public concern, triggered government action, and driven water authorities worldwide to commit to major infrastructure upgrades. In England, the installation of Event Duration Monitors (EDMs) has revealed how often and for how long spills occur annually, discharging untreated or dilluted sewage to the receiving environment. However, overflow frequency and duration are poor proxies for pollution loads or ecological risk. This study provides the first national estimation of pollution loads from individual CSOs and the risks they pose to receiving waterbodies, drawing on permitted effluent limits from connected Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTWs) and receiving waterbody characteristics. A source-pathway-receptor framework is used to classify risk across England’s wastewater systems in relation to CSO discharges and their impacts. The findings challenge the Environment Agency’s position that CSOs are not a primary driver of waterbody status failure, indicating their ecological impacts may be underestimated. For 2023, estimated aggregated CSO loads frequently surpassed those from the effluents of their WWTWs, with affected waterbodies receiving loads from CSOs four times higher for BOD and double for Suspended Solids. While nutrient loads exhibit lower relative contributions, the presence of wastewater systems where CSO loads equal or exceed treated effluent loads demonstrates that nutrient management strategies focusing solely on WWTWs risk overlooking a critical source. The study demonstrates how a systems approach integrating all available data, can strengthen evidence-based policy making, and support water companies in prioritising investments that can deliver measurable environmental improvements.Dr Theodoros Giakoumis acknowledges support from the Brunel Research Initiative & Enterprise Fund (BRIEF), award No. 11937130, which provided partial funding for Sawsan Diya’s contribution to the digitisation of South West Water CSSs and for connecting their EDM 2023 to WWTWs
Assessment of the economic and environmental value of the ecosystem services provided by the open green spaces in London.
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Improving the application of the Integrated River Basin Management paradigm in the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive
Get PDFThe European Union’s (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) was adopted to succeed and replace traditional management practices and is widely accepted as the most substantial piece of European environmental legislation to date. Despite some good progress in its implementation, 47% of EU surface waters haven’t reached good ecological status in 2015, a central objective of the Directive.
Policy analysis of the Directive’s interpretation and application by Member States, demonstrated the absence of the paradigm shift towards the systems thinking, as a fundamental problem with its implementation. This was also evident in cases where the Directive had been criticised as a policy tool indicating misunderstandings even of its core principles. Reviewing the transition of EU water policies towards the WFD revealed that different interpretations on the Directive’s objectives and exemptions had been left unresolved since its negotiation, ambiguity and compromises observed by its Common Implementation Strategy and lack of real support for the policy shift required, to have all been barriers to the harmonised transposition of the Integrated River Basin Management paradigm, the key to delivering good ecological status. A study of the implementation efforts of the five case study basins of the EU project GLOBAQUA further supported this. Analysis at one of these case studies, investigated whether the way the measures were developed could have limited their potential to deliver WFD objectives and showed that measures were designed to target element classifications, rather than to manage catchment pressures. Incorporating Ecosystem Services as indicators of impacts, a participatory framework for pressure prioritisation was developed that could support the development of measures and stakeholder acceptance and commitment to policy decisions.
Overall, the research undertaken demonstrated the need to return to the initial aspirations of the WFD, revisit the concepts it embraced and explore ways to operationalise them if to deliver environmental improvements.Open Acces
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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