1,720,989 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Training Manual for Prevention of Covid-19 Disease among Hospital Personnel
No full textDear Editor
In recent days, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as a viral infection caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus has become a pandemic disease and has created critical conditions worldwide [1]. According to previous studies on pathogenic viruses associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome, each virus has a specific virulence dose, which it is about 2×103-3×103 viral particles for the influenza virus. Given the emergence of the SARSCov-2 virus and no complete information on its virulence dose, it is clear that its very low virulence dose can cause its rapid spread. Regarding the effectiveness of the use of simple cloth filter masks, it can be stated that these masks provide relative safety depending on their type and structure [2]. In this regard, Blachere et al., reported that in multi-stage sampling of influenza viruses, 46% of the viruscontaining particles are trapped in the first filter layer of the sampler with a diameter of 4 microns, 49% of the viral particles are trapped in the second layer filter with a diameter 1 to 4 microns and only 1% of viruses are trapped in the last layer filter with a diameter of about 1 micron [2-4]. Coughing, sneezing, speaking, and breathing create a cloud of particles in the air with varying diameters ranging from a few millimeters to <1 micrometer. Large droplets (larger than 50 microns in diameter) are immediately deposited to the ground.
Most respiratory droplets containing viruses are in this size range. Medium droplets (10 to 50μm) remain in the air for several minutes. Small particles (<10μm), including droplets nucleated by larger particles, can evaporate for hours and can be easily inhaled deep into the respiratory tract. On the other hand, the SARS-Co2 virus remains alive in the airborne aerosols for 3 hours [2, 4]. Therefore, the use of simple surgical masks for patients is necessary, especially during admission, to prevent the spread of large respiratory droplet released directly during coughing and sneezing and small droplets that are produced indirectly from the evaporation of the large droplets in the hospital environment. In addition, the use of ventilation systems can prevent the high concentration of these particles in hospital environments. In this regard, it is essential to educate hospital health experts about the necessity of using ventilation systems and their performance. On the other hand, the viability of viruses in the air is highly dependent on environmental conditions.
Ambient temperature is one of the key factors influencing the stability of viruses in indoor air. In the case of the influenza virus, it has been reported that a temperature of 70˚C causes complete inactivation of the virus. Also, at 5°C, the viral transmission is significantly increased. While at 30°C, the viral transmission between hosts is obviously decreased. A recent study on the Corona viruses has reported similar results [2, 5]. Moisture factor is another factor influencing the transfer of viruses in the air. The lowest transmission rate occurs at low humidity and dry air (with a relative humidity in the range 20-30%), and the highest transmission rate occurs at high relative humidity (80-50%). Therefore, viruses can be prevented by monitoring and controlling the temperature and relative humidity in hospitals by using natural and mechanical ventilation systems to adjust the temperature and humidity at the appropriate level [2, 6].
According to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, it is recommended to use laboratory ventilation systems and if are available heating/cooling systems, fans/air conditioning units and local cooling system with laminar air flow can be used in diagnostic laboratories of hospitals. In this case, the velocity and direction of the air flow must be laminar to prevent turbulent currents. This point should also be considered in the case of natural ventilation [7]. It is also recommended to use of biological safety hoods with HEPA filters that CAN trap 3 microns particles or larger with a 95% efficiency in diagnostic and research laboratories. These hoods are specifically designed for laboratory works on dangerous and respiratory viruses [6]. If the laboratory is not equipped with a ventilation system and a suitable hood, transporting the sample to a reference laboratory instead of using several non-standard laboratories is recommended.
For disinfection of hospital interior surfaces, the most effective disinfectants for inactivating viruses include alcohol-based disinfectants (ethanol), chlorine, and aldehydes. Savlon is a well-established antiseptic in Iran. This brand is actually a combination of two disinfectants of Chlorhexidine and Cetrimide. Sovlon is used in rapid disinfection of medical and surgical instruments, as well as surgeons' hand washing and wound cleaning. Its solution (1%) is also very suitable for disinfecting wounds and washing hand and body skin. It is a strong bactericidal, but has low effect on viruses. Two disinfectants that are effective on viruses include sodium hypochlorite and ethanol, which their minimum concentration and contact time should be considered to disable the virus. In a recent study on the SARS-Cov-2 virus, it was reported that the minimum concentration of sodium hypochlorite required to deactivate the virus was 0.21% with a contact time of 1 minute. Hydrogen peroxide is also an effective detergent with a minimal concentration of 0.5% and a 1-minute contact time for inactivation of the new coronavirus [7]. Ethanol or ethyl alcohol in the range of 78-95% requires a minimum contact time of 30-60 sec to deactivate coronavirus types including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. However, a risk assessment is required for monitoring all hospital units and identifying critical points that have the potential to spread the infection to personnel, and planning and performing measures according to the WHO guidelines is necessary to reduce the risk of spreading the disease [4, 8, 9]. Considering the importance of prevention in the medical staff, it is recommended to educate these personnel by educational programs, especially hospital health experts
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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