38 research outputs found
The prevalence of depressive symptoms and related risk factors among diabetic patients with retinopathy attending the Jordan University Hospital
No full textEvaluating traffic operations performance of directional interchange with semi-direct ramp connections with loops
No full textThe purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of the Directional Interchange with Semi-Direct Ramp Connection with Loops (DI-SDRL) interchange in terms of traffic operations under a wide-range of traffic demand conditions. Towards this end, the performance of this interchange has been compared to a conventional one, i.e. Directional with Loops Interchange (DLI). Thirty different traffic scenarios were assessed were developed to test their performance using a state-of-the-art traffic microsimulation tool PTV-VISSIM. The results showed that the DI-SDRL interchange design outperforms the conventional DLI interchange in terms of vehicle hours traveled and average speed. Nevertheless, the DI-SDRL underperforms the DLI in terms of vehicle kilometer traveled. There was no significant difference in terms of average delay. At the individual segment level, the analysis showed that the DI-SDRL interchange outperforms the DLI at diverging segments; on the contrary, the DLI interchange outperforms the DI-SDRL at merging segments.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author
Topographic characteristics of keratoconus among a sample of Jordanian patients
No full textAIM:To identify topographic characteristics of keratoconus in a Jordanian sample.METHODS:This study characterized 210 corneas affected with keratoconus presenting to Jordan University Hospital. Patients were diagnosed based on clinical examinations and Pentacam imaging. Eyes of males (n=101) were of a similar proportion to females (n=109). All of the 111 patients were affected bilaterally. Ages ranged between 13 and 44y with a mean age of 25.2y.RESULTS:Results revealed significant differences between males and females at the level of the flat curvature power, basement membrane thickness and size of the anterior chamber. Eyes were arranged in three groups based on severity levels:mild, moderate and severe determined by the mean curvature power (Km). Results show that the flat (K1) and steep (K2) curvature powers, corneal asphericity coefficient (QV), thinnest point, pachy apex and basement membrane thickness are significantly different among the three groups, but not the corneal and anterior chamber volumes. Morphological analyses, based on sagittal maps, show no differences in keratometric values between eyes with different sagittal patterns except for the vertical location of the pachy apex relative to the pupil center and the thinnest point. Eyes with the island front elevation map are significantly more affected than eyes with the U shape and the ridge pattern.CONCLUSION:All keratometric values measured except for corneal and anterior chamber volumes vary significantly with disease severity. The vertical pachy apex location correlates well with severity levels while the horizontal location seems to have no effect. Our study also indicates that front elevation maps may be a better predictor of the severity of keratoconus than sagittal maps
Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Anthropometric Measurements among Osteoporotic Postmenopausal Sudanese Women: Possible Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
No full textINTRODUCTION: Data examining the health of menopausal women and the prevalence of osteoporosis remain to be limited in Africa, especially in sub-Saharan countries. Thus, in this current study, we aimed to assess the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and anthropometric measurements of osteoporotic postmenopausal women and determine their risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, community-based study. Postmenopausal women (n = 300), aged ≥45 years, were recruited from Khartoum state, Sudan. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess bone density. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured twice. Fasting blood samples (5 ml) were collected to determine total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). AIP was calculated as an indicator of CVD risk. RESULTS: The mean age of the postmenopausal women was 61.6 ± 10.2 years (range 47–90 years). Women (n = 80) had the normal T-score, and an equal number had osteoporosis (n = 110) and osteopenia (n = 110). The prevalence of osteoporosis was 36.7%. Many postmenopausal women with normal T-scores suffered from general (71.2%) and central (94%) obesity. Postmenopausal women had high TC (24.4%), TG (25.6%), LDL-C (13.7%), and low HDL-C (76.0%) levels. Osteoporotic women (36.4%) were found to have a medium to high risk of CVD as determined by AIP. Women with normal T-scores had a higher number of CVD risk factors. A positive correlation was noted between AIP and TC among osteopenic (r = 0.292; P=0.002) and osteoporotic women (r = 0.265; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Osteoporosis was prevalent among Sudanese postmenopausal women who also had an increased risk for CVD. Public health education about osteoporosis and CVD risk is thus recommended
New and renewable energy and environmental engineering
No full textThere is an acute scarcity of potable water in many parts of the world, and especially in most of the Middle East region. Important advances have been made in desalination technology but its wide application is restricted by relatively high capital and input energy costs, even when solar energy is used. Until recently, flat-plate solar collectors have usually been employed to distill water in compact desalination systems. Currently, it is possible to replace these collectors by the more advanced evacuated tube collectors, which are now available on the market at a similar price. The research which is concerned with the development of a novel small scale solar water desalination technology, consists of experimental and theoretical investigations of the operation of a multi stage solar still desalination system coupled with a heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector with an aperture area of about 1.7 m(^2). The multi stage still was tested to recover latent heat from the evaporation and condensation processes in each of its four stages. A number of experimental tests were carried out using a laboratory rig to investigate its water production capacity. Solar radiation (insolation) during a mid-summer day in the Middle East region was simulated by an array of 110 halogen flood lights. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of the evaporation and condensation processes in one of the still's stages was conducted using FLUENT 6.2 software. The simulation results demonstrate the importance of the various parameters affecting the total production rate of the solar still and provide detailed information on the temperature distribution and condensate formation inside the solar still. However, it was found that the CFD technique at this stage does not provide accurate quantitative predictions and results obtained can be used only for qualitative analysis. Hence, the use of a lumped parameter mathematical model was preferred for analysis and design purpose. A lumped parameter model has been developed to describe the system's operation. It consists of a system of ordinary differential equations of energy and mass conservation written for each stage of the still. A MATLAB computer program was written to solve the system of governing equations to simulate the evaporation and condensation processes and the experimental results were used to validate numerical predictions. The experimental and theoretical values for the total daily distillate output were found to be closely correlated. The test results demonstrate that the system produces about 9 kg of clean water per day and has a distillation efficiency of 90%. The overall efficiency is 33% due to the presence of heat losses in the system. However, this level of efficiency is greater of that for conventional solar stills. Following the experimental calibration of the lumped parameter model, this was used for determination of rational design parameters of the still and it was demonstrated that the performance of the system could be considerably improved to produce 11 kg/m(^2) of water per day if the number of stages and evaporation area were 4 and 1 m(^2), respectively. A water quality analysis was performed for the distilled water and the levels of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and pH were well within the range defined by the World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water. An economic study was also conducted for the system and it was shown that the distilled water costs of 0.016 US$/litre with a payback period of 6 months in the Middle East region conditions. This research demonstrates, empirically and theoretically, the potential role in the field of solar desalination of the multistage solar still coupled to the evacuated tube solar collector. Not only is this system a promising new technology but it could prove to be particularly appropriate in remote and rural areas. Simultaneously this system also uses a completely clean energy source and contributes to tackling environmental pollution, global carbon emissions and climate change problems
Simulation and Optimization of an LNG Plant Cold Section
No full textSimulation and Optimization of an LNG Plant Cold Section Mary Anna Katebah, Mohamed Mamoon Hussein, Easa I. Almusleh* Chemical engineering department, Qatar University Global energy demands are expected to rise by almost 30% in the next 20 years, with fossil fuels being the primary energy sources. The combustion of fossil fuels yields significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions, predominantly CO2. Compared to its alternatives (coal and crude oil), natural gas is preferred primarily due to its cleaner burning. The most profitable method of transporting natural gas from the source of production is as liquefied natural gas (LNG). However, LNG plants are associated with relatively large energy demands (mainly compression power) that are costly and result in significant levels of CO2 emissions. Qatar is the largest LNG supplier world-wide, and the plans of increasing production place utmost importance on enhancing the efficiency of LNG plants. With current production of almost 78 million tons per annual (MTA), significant benefits, such as improved economics and lower CO2 emissions, can be achieved even with small efficiency improvements. It is also noteworthy that, for a given power consumption, higher efficiencies can potentially result in more production volumes. Therefore, optimization of LNG processes would assist the country in achieving the aspirations of the Qatar National Vision 2030 by sustaining both economic prosperity and the environment for future generations. Within the LNG chain, more than 75% of the CO2 emissions emanate in the processing plant, where nearly 80% of those emissions are sourced in the cold section of the plant which comprises of the natural gas liquids (NGL) recovery system, the liquefaction process, and the helium extraction and nitrogen removal units. Various natural gas liquefaction cycles exist that employ either pure refrigerant in cascade cycles, multi-pressure cycles, or mixed refrigerant cycles. Among all the available cycles, the propane pre-cooled mixed refrigerant (C3MR) system is the leading one in the LNG industry. Therefore, this research focuses on decreasing the energy consumption of C3MR and NGL recovery system with helium extraction (producing approximately 60 mol% crude helium) and nitrogen rejection units. Initially, a base-case model was developed for the cold section using Aspen PlusTM, a steady-state process simulation and optimization software. A degree of freedom analysis was carried out on the model to identify the operating variables available for optimization. This step also serves to identify the operational and design constraints. Next, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on the variables to construct the operating windows one may operate in and get reduced energy consumption. Parameters that were studied include: scrub column reflux and pressure, mixed refrigerant (MR) composition, propane evaporating pressures, LNG temperature (leaving the main heat exchanger), and helium extraction and nitrogen removal temperature and pressure values. Finally, sequential quadratic programming (SQP) optimization technique was employed to find optimal values for the operating variables that will result in global minimum energy consumption. In addition to this rigorous optimization approach, we have developed an effective shortcut method that can be used for optimization with minimum effort. The method was evaluated and found to be suitable for LNG and other cooling applications. Additionally, an exergy analysis was conducted before and after optimization to quantify the reduction in lost work for main process equipment as a result of the optimization. After investigating optimization options with minimal implementation costs, retrofitting options will be studied to further enhance the process. Simulation of the cold section was conducted for the production of almost 3.65 MTA of LNG. Sweet, dehydrated natural gas at 21°C and 66 bar was pre-cooled by the propane cycle to around − 27 °C before entering a scrub column (i.e. distillation column) that separated the natural gas from the NGL's. Almost 12 thousand barrel/day of NGLs were produced and sent to a fractionation unit to separate ethane, propane and butane. Heavy hydrocarbons, primarily condensate (C5+) leaving the fractionation unit, can be either sold or sent to a close by refinery for further processing. The separated natural gas stream was further cooled and liquefied in the main cryogenic heat exchanger (MCHE) to temperatures near − 140°C. The cooling in the MCHE was supplied by the mixed refrigerant, which was pre-cooled by the propane cycle. LNG then entered the helium extraction (producing almost 60 mol% crude helium) and nitrogen removal units to obtain desired LNG specifications. Final LNG product comprised of 0.7 mol% nitrogen, 90.7 mol% methane, 5.6 mol% ethane, 2 mol% propane, 0.92 mol% butanes, at a temperature and gross heating value (GHV) of approximately − 161°C and 11.5 respectively. Simulation results showed that for the production of 3.6 MTA LNG, the cold section would require a total of around 131 MW of compression power. Main sensitivity analysis results showed that the mixed refrigerant composition was a key parameter in the cycle's performance. Other primary parameters affecting the energy consumption include the propane cycle's evaporation pressures and flowrates. Using the short cut method, optimization revealed that optimized MR composition resulted in almost 10% MR compression power and 6% plant operating cost savings, whereas new intermediate propane evaporation pressures, identified using detailed simulation, and flowrates decreased the propane compression power and operating costs by around 3.6%, and 2%, respectively. *Corresponding author. +974 44034148 E-mail address: E-mail: [email protected] (E. Al-musleh).qscienc
Knowledge of mpox and its determinants among the healthcare personnel in Arabic regions: A multi-country cross-sectional study
No full textBackground & aim: The monkeypox virus (MPXV), an Orthopoxvirus family member, is the zoonotic agent that causes mpox (formerly known as monkeypox). The ongoing mpox pandemic has caused cases across continents involving 110 countries. This study aimed to assess mpox knowledge and its determinants among healthcare personnel. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 6 to June 25, 2022, among 17 Arab countries. The self-administered questionnaire consists of 53 questions assessing the knowledge about the monkeypox virus. Results: In total, 5874 medical students and clinical doctors from 17 Arab countries participated in this study. Only 13.8% (n = 812) of respondents have ever received information about mpox during their studies in medicine. The mean knowledge score was 13.84, and the median score was 15 (range 1–34). More than half (51.3%, n = 3012) have heard about mpox before. A low proportion of the participants had a good level of knowledge on mpox. Only 11.7% of respondents had correctly identified the natural host and the incubation period of mpox. More than half (58.9%) were aware of the signs and symptoms of mpox. Few respondents (28%) believed that mpox and smallpox have similar signs and symptoms. Specialist doctors had higher knowledge of mpox (AOR = 2.96, 95% CI = 2.24–3.92, p < 0.001) than other cadres. Conclusion: Mpox awareness among Arabic medical students and practitioners is low; hence immediate action in creating awareness among arab healthcare professionals is the need of the hour. This is crucial in the mpox early detection and prevention of its spread.Data collection group. 1- AHMAD ALSALEH: Damascus, Damascus University, Faculty of medicine, Damascus, Syria (mailto: [email protected]). 2- Safwan Al-Rassas: Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen. (mailto: [email protected]), 3- Rais mohammed Amir: faculty of Medicine of Algiers, University of Algiers, Algeria. (mailto: [email protected]), 4- Ola Kayali: Aleppo University, Faculty of medicine. Aleppo, Syria. ( [email protected]), 5- LEENA SAEED: National ribat university, Al Khurtum, Sudan. ( [email protected]), 6- Fouad Hasib Makhoul: Faculty of Medicine, Al Baath University Homs, Syria.( [email protected]), 7- Zeinab Ahmed Mohamed Bakheit: University of Khartoum, Faculty of medicine, Khartoum, Sudan Email. ( [email protected]), 8- Ismail Atef Ismail Ahmed Ibrahim: Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi – Turkey. ( [email protected]), 9- Walaa Magdy Mowad AbdAlhalim: Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt. ( [email protected]), 10- Mark Hasib Makhoul: laboratory diagnosis resident doctor at Al Basel University Hospital, Homs, Syria. ( [email protected]), 11- Nawal Mohammad Alhazaimeh: Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid-Jordan. ( [email protected]), 12- Zinelabedin Mohamed: Tobruk University, Faculty of Medicine, Tobruk, Libya. ( [email protected]), 13- Temaa Alklani: faculty of medicine, Damascus university, Damascus, Syria. ( [email protected]), 14- LANA SHEET: Aleppo university, faculty of medicine, Aleppo, Syria. ( [email protected]), 15- GHAZAL MOHAMAD JAMIL KABAND: Aleppo university faculty of medicine, Aleppo, Syria. ( [email protected]), 16- ELBOKHARI MOHAMED elbashir Hassan: OM durman Islamic university, Sudan. ( [email protected]), 17- GHADA MOHAMAD KHALED ALSAEED: Aleppo university faculty of medicine, Aleppo, Syria. ( [email protected]), 18- Zainab Jabbar Challoob: University of Baghdad, faculty of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq. ( [email protected]), 19- Samah Khalid Musa Mohamed: University of Khartoum, Faculty of medicine Khartoum, Sudan. ( [email protected]), 20- Ahmed Zaher Radwan Radwan: Faculty of medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria. ( [email protected]), 21- Ebrahim Shaddad: Sana'a University Faculty of Medicine, Sana'a, Yemen. ( [email protected]), 22- Asma'a Munasar Ali Alsubari: Sana'a University Faculty of Medicine, Sana'a, Yemen. ( [email protected]), 23- Omar Adil Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Madani: University of Al-Gezira, Faculty of Medicine, Wad-Madani, Sudan. ( [email protected]), 24- Bushra Alshaikh: Ebrahim Shaddad: Sana'a University Faculty of Medicine, Sana'a, Yemen.( [email protected]), 25- Lazaward Kazan: Altınbaş university, İstanbul/Turkey. ( [email protected]), 26- Hadeel Shayef Ahmed Aljalal: Sana'a University Faculty of Medicine, Sana'a, Yemen. ( [email protected]), 27- Raghad Sameer Hussein Qazzaz: Faculty of Medicine, Mu'tah University, Amman, Jordan ( [email protected]). 28- Haya Bassam Mohammed Al-Kubati: Faculty of medicine, 21 September University, Sana'a, Yemen. ( [email protected]), 29- Gewel Abdulla: Al Baath University Faculty of Medicine, Homs, Syria. ( [email protected]), 30- Ahmad Jamil Kharrat: Aleppo University, faculty of Medicine Aleppo, Syria. ( [email protected]), 31- Amany Al Ali: Faculty of Medicine, Hama University, Hama, Syria. ( [email protected]), 32- Hilal Manzalji: Al Baath University Faculty of Medicine, Homs, Syria. ( [email protected]), 33- Zahraa Jabas: Aleppo university, faculty of medicine, Aleppo, Syria. ( [email protected]), 34- MAI ALSALIBE: Al Baath University Faculty of Medicine, Homs, Syria. ( [email protected]), 35- MAAB MAHMOUD MOHAMED ATTAELMNAN: University of Gezira, Sudan. ( [email protected]), 36- EMAD ADDIN ALI AHMAD ZAWANEH: JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, IRBID, JORDAN. ( [email protected]), 37- Noor haider (moh'd sharif) Hussain: Al_Balqaa applied University, Amman Jordan. ( [email protected]), 38- Albaraa Rustom (Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar. [email protected]). 39- Albaraa Rustom (Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar. [email protected]). 40- Mohammed Amine Hanine(Casablanca University Hospital Ibn Roched, Morocco. [email protected])
a cross-sectional study
No full textFunding Information: The data supporting the findings of this study are available upon request from the Gaza NCD study dataset, in accordance with data sharing policies established by the UK\u2019s Department for International Development (DFID), the Medical Research Council (MRC), the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), and Welcome Trust\u2019s Health Systems Research Initiative (HSRI) (Grant Number: MR/S012877/1). Funding Information: We would like to thank the tremendous efforts of the data collectors and field supervisors in the Gaza Strip who showed courage, resilience, and dedication to conducting this survey in the most challenging circumstances. The original study was funded by the UK\u2019s Department for International Development (DFID), the Medical Research Council (MRC), the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Welcome Trust\u2019s Health Systems Research Initiative (HSRI) (MR/S012877/1). AI, LH, HD, MK, and IS would like to acknowledge the training received under the Scholars in HeAlth Research Program (SHARP) that was in part supported by the Fogarty International Center and Office of Dietary Supplements of the National Institutes of Health (Award Number D43 TW009118). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The publication of this article was funded by the Weill Cornell Medicine \u2013 Qatar Health Sciences Library. Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.Tobacco smoking, a significant public health concern globally, is associated with a rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and preventable deaths, with pronounced impacts in conflict zones like Gaza. A cross-sectional study, conducted in 2020, in Gaza focused on individuals over 40 years of age, aiming to identify predictors of tobacco use and its links to diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic lung disease (CLD), and stroke using regression analysis. The research, based on the Gaza NCD study data with 4576 participants and a 96.6% response rate, found an overall tobacco smoking prevalence of 19.4%, with higher rates among men. After adjusting for various factors, the study identified significant associations between cigarette smoking in men and adverse health outcomes, such as CAD and CLD, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.67, 95% CI (1.22–2.29) and 1.68, 95% CI (1.21–2.33) respectively. However, after adjusting for independent variables, shisha smoking in men showed no association with these health outcomes. The findings of this study could assist other researchers in designing interventions aimed at reducing smoking prevalence by utilizing the associated factors identified in our analysis, such as age, education level, physical activity, and body mass index among men in Gaza.publishersversionpublishe
Author Correction: Burdens of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease attributable to sugar-sweetened beverages in 184 countries (Nature Medicine, (2025), 10.1038/s41591-024-03345-4)
No full textCorrection to: Nature Medicinehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03345-4, published online 6 January 2025. In the version of the article initially published, in the eighth paragraph of the Discussion, the text “Among large nations, the largest increases in SSB-related T2D burdens were in Mexico, Thailand and the United Kingdom, and in CVD burdens, Colombia, Nigeria, Thailand and Russia. These changes align with rises in SSB consumption in these nations12. Similarly, declining SSB-related cardiometabolic burdens in Brazil, the United States and the United Kingdom (for CVD) are consistent with their decreasing SSB consumption from 1990 to 202012” was incorrect and has now been updated to “Among largely populated nations, the largest increases in SSB-related T2D incidence was in Colombia, USA and Argentina; and in CVD incidence, Nigeria, Russia, Colombia and Thailand. These changes generally align with rises in SSB consumption in these nations, except in the US where slight declines in SSB consumption were offset by increased burdens of diabetes 12. Similarly, declining SSB-related cardiometabolic burdens in Turkey, Brazil, and the United States and the United Kingdom for CVD are consistent with their decreasing SSB consumption from 1990 to 202012.” Additionally, Supplementary Data 1 and 2 have been updated to remove decimals in values greater than 100. These corrections have been made to the HTML and PDF versions of the article. © The Author(s) 2025
The QChip1 knowledgebase and microarray for precision medicine in Qatar
No full textRisk genes for Mendelian (single-gene) disorders (SGDs) are consistent across populations, but pathogenic risk variants that cause SGDs are typically population-private. The goal was to develop "QChip1," an inexpensive genotyping microarray to comprehensively screen newborns, couples, and patients for SGD risk variants in Qatar, a small nation on the Arabian Peninsula with a high degree of consanguinity. Over 108 variants in 8445 Qatari were identified for inclusion in a genotyping array containing 165,695 probes for 83,542 known and potentially pathogenic variants in 3438 SGDs. QChip1 had a concordance with whole-genome sequencing of 99.1%. Testing of QChip1 with 2707 Qatari genomes identified 32,674 risk variants, an average of 134 pathogenic alleles per Qatari genome. The most common pathogenic variants were those causing homocystinuria (1.12% risk allele frequency), and Stargardt disease (2.07%). The majority (85%) of Qatari SGD pathogenic variants were not present in Western populations such as European American, South Asian American, and African American in New York City and European and Afro-Caribbean in Puerto Rico; and only 50% were observed in a broad collection of data across the Greater Middle East including Kuwait, Iran, and United Arab Emirates. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing accurate screening tools to identify SGD risk variants in understudied populations, and the need for ancestry-specific SGD screening tools. 2022, The Author(s).This is a collaborative work between Qatar Genome, Qatar Biobank, Weill Cornell (New York and Qatar), Hamad Medical Corporation and Sidra Medicine. We are thankful for everyone who contributed to this endeavor from all participating institutes. We would like to especially thank all participants in this study for their continuous support. We thank Dr. Fatemeh Abbaszadeh, for quality control and implementing QChip in the diagnostic services; N. Mohamed for editorial support, E. Betancourt for administrative support, E. Guzman for IT support, and J. Pillardy for high-performance computing support. J.R.F. also thanks Alan R. Shuldiner and Regeneron Genetics Center for supporting, J.R.F. to help complete this project. Special thanks to Alphonse Tharangeval at the Dasman Diabetes Institute in Kuwait for providing allele frequency lookups, and to the Center for Arab Genetic Studies in UAE, the GME Variome at University of California at San Diego and the Iranomefor providing public access to their databases. The authors are saddened by the passing of Andrew Brooks after the manuscript was submitted to the journal for review. This publication was made possible by The Qatar Foundation, the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar; NPRP 09-741-3 193, NPRP 5-436-3-116, NPRP 7-1425-3-370, NPRP 7-1301-3-336, and NPRP P8-1913-3-396 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of the Qatar Foundation). The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.Scopu
