169,142 research outputs found
Conclusions. Medieval archaeology and natural disasters: what’s next?
No full textReflecting on the contents of this volume, the authors stress the following observations for making medieval archaeology relevant in disaster studies.
• Medieval archaeology should seek to make a more active contribution to contemporary debates around resilience by providing evidence for how people have adapted to environmental risk in the past.
• The application of archaeological theory to environmental hazards is not well developed. The impact of post-processual archaeology, for example, is not yet fully evident, although this volume does include several theoretically informed contributions.
• Any study of resilience of medieval societies should consider an analysis of the vulnerability which caused a natural hazard to become a disaster.
• Regional syntheses are required which summarise case studies of disasters at the landscape scale.
• The adoption of a landscape archaeology approach should contribute towards assessments of the risk posed by natural disasters in the fu tu re. A holistic archaeological assessment of environmental disasters can generate valuable knowledge applicable to disaster risk reduction (DRR) programmes.
Special emphasis must be placed on the dissemination and communication of
results to the wider public.
Social defeat-induced contextual conditioning differentially imprints behavioral and adrenal reactivity: a time-course study in the rat.
No full textThe present experiments were based on the rat resident–intruder paradigm and aimed at better understanding the long-term conditioning properties of this social stress model. Intruders were exposed to aggressive conspecifics residents. During 3 daily encounters, intruders were either defeated or threatened by residents, providing the defeated–threatened (DT) and threatened–threatened (TT) groups respectively, or exposed to a novel empty cage (EC). The effect of such exposures was assessed in 3 separate experiments 8, 14, or 21 days following the last session on both behavior and hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis parameters. A specific and persistent behavioral conditioning due to social defeat but also to the sole social threat experience was observed as defensive behaviors and anxiety-like behaviors were observed respectively in DT and TT rats, highlighting a lack of habituation for the conditioning properties of this social stressor. On the other hand, at the earlier time points examined a less specific activation of the HPA axis parameters was found, starting to show habituation at day 21 in EC but not in DT or TT rats. These data give further support to the lasting effects of this social stress model, bestowing a special emphasis upon the impact of its psychological component and upon the relevance of its development and maintenance over time
Social defeat-induced contextual conditioning differentially imprints behavioral and adrenal reactivity: A time-course study in the rat
No full textThe present experiments were based on the rat resident-intruder paradigm and aimed at better understanding the long-term conditioning properties of this social stress model. Intruders were exposed to aggressive conspecifics residents. During 3 daily encounters, intruders were either defeated or threatened by residents, providing the defeated-threatened (DT) and threatened-threatened (TT) groups respectively, or exposed to a novel empty cage (EC). The effect of such exposures was assessed in 3 separate experiments 8, 14, or 21 days following the last session on both behavior and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis parameters. A specific and persistent behavioral conditioning due to social defeat but also to the sole social threat experience was observed as defensive behaviors and anxiety-like behaviors were observed respectively in DT and TT rats, highlighting a lack of habituation for the conditioning properties of this social stressor. On the other hand, at the earlier time points examined a less specific activation of the HPA axis parameters was found, starting to show habituation at day 21 in EC but not in DT or TT rats. These data give further support to the lasting effects of this social stress model, bestowing a special emphasis upon the impact of its psychological component and upon the relevance of its development and maintenance over time. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Keeping a Critical Eye on "Lexical Friends": Cognates as Critical Pedagogy in Pre-Service Teacher Education
No full textEste proyecto de investigaci�n tiene como prop�sito buscar m�todos productivos, cr�ticos y reflexivos en la ense�anza de cognados y pr�stamos l�xicos. El objetivo principal consiste en crear maestros m�s conscientes sobre las diferentes maneras de presentar y practicar los cognados y los pr�stamos. Los participantes en este estudio est�n cursando la Licenciatura de la Ense�anza de Ingl�s como Lengua Extranjera en una universidad p�blica en M�xico. Este estudio argumenta que los cognados son un recurso productivo para el alumno que estudia en cualquier nivel y no solamente una herramienta aleatoria para reconocer palabras. Detallo actividades que ofrecen diferentes maneras para que los alumnos asuman el control del proceso de aprendizaje y que no dependan solamente de los conocimientos dados por maestros y libros de texto
Looking South: Spain and portugal in the middle ages
No full textThis chapter explores medieval contact and trade between Britain and the Iberian Peninsula. For the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in north-west Spain, archaeological evidence includes coins, burials, badges, scallop shells, and souvenirs of bone, ivory, and jet as well as artistic influences on heraldry and artistic representation. The important heavy goods being transported were wool, cloth, metals, and bulk foodstuffs for which there is an emerging archaeology of production in Spain and Portugal. There was also minor trade in leather and salt as well as in foodstuffs like honey and wine, figs, and candied fruit. Pottery and tile exports from Spain are today the most telling indication of commercial contact and personal exchange but English embroideries and alabaster devotional panels are among the items of exchange which travelled south and have survived. Overall, Anglo-Iberian contact in the Middle Ages has left an oddly skewed signature in the archaeological record.</p
Characterisation of four new two-dimensional lithium beryllofluoro-layered compounds
No full textFour new amine-templated materials, containing two-dimensional lithium beryllofluoride sheets of the stoichiometry [LiBeF4](-), have been synthesised under hydrothermal and ambient pressure conditions. [LiBeF4][C6H4(CH3)CH2NH3] (1), [LiBeF4] [C6H4CH2NH3Cl (2), [LiBeF4](2)- [NH3CH2CH2CH2NH3] (3), and [LiBeF4][C6H5CH2CH2CH2NH3] (4) all contain well-separated anionic sheets containing two different topologies with the 'inter-layer' regions comprising of organoamine templating species. Use of the different organoamine templating agents results in compounds possessing very different relative arrangements of the lithium beryllofluoride sheets. The materials crystallise in P-centred orthorhombic and monoclinic cells; for 1 (templating agent: 3-methylbenzylamine) Pca2(1); for 2 (4-chlorobenzylamine) Pbca; for 3 (1,3-diamminopropane) Pccn, and for 4 (3-phenyl-1-propylamine) P2(1)/c. Hydrogen bonding exists between ions situated on the protonated amine groups on the templating species and electronegative fluoride ions, on MF4 tetrahedra (where M = Li and Be)
Exploring representativeness and reliability for late medieval earthquakes in Europe
No full textSeismic catalogues of past earthquakes have compiled a substantial amount of information about historical seismicity for Europe and the Mediterranean. Using two of the most recent European seismic databases (AHEAD and EMEC), this paper employs GIS spatial analysis (kernel density estimation) to explore the representativeness and reliability of data captured for late medieval earthquakes. We identify those regions where the occurrence of earthquakes is significantly higher or lower than expected values and investigate possible reasons for these discrepancies. The nature of the seismic events themselves, the methodology employed during catalogue compilation and the availability of medieval written records are all briefly explored
The Archaeology of a Landslide: Unravelling the Azores Earthquake Disaster of 1522 and its Consequences
No full textThe multidisciplinary research described here shows how archaeologists can help reconstruct past seismic episodes and understand the subsequent relief operation, rehabilitation, and reconstruction processes. In October 1522, a major earthquake and landslide struck the then capital of the Azores, Vila Franca do Campo, 1500 km from the European mainland. Damage was extensive, destroying key monuments, affecting most of the inhabited area, and leaving few survivors among the early colonists. The results from twenty-six archaeological trenches, geological and geoarchaeological investigations, and documentary analysis are reviewed here. Distinctive archaeological deposits are identified and explained, using the high density of artefacts and the erosional contact between the landslide and the pre-1522 palaeosol to reconstruct the episode in detail
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