1,721,094 research outputs found
Flavonoid contents in different parts of tatary buckwheat
No full textNavadno ajdo (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in tatarsko ajdo (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) smo gojili na petih lokacijah z nadmorskimi višinami med 300 in 1200 metrov. Tekom rastne sezone smo izvedli štiri vzorčenja. V vzorcih prvega, pred cvetenjem, in drugega vzorčenja, med cvetenjem, smo izmerili optične (presevnost in odbojnost) in biokemijske lastnosti listov (vsebnost UV absorbirajočih snovi, klorofila a, klorofila b, karotenoidov, antocianov, rutina in kvercetina). V vzorcih 3. in 4. vzorčenja, ki smo ju izvedli v zamiku približno desetih dni, ob koncu rastne sezone, pa smo izmerili višino rastlin, suho maso stebel, listov in semen ter vsebnost rutina in kvercetina v listih in semenih.Vsebnost rutina v listih obeh vrst je visoka in primerljiva. Najvišjo vsebnost rutina v listih smo pri obeh vrstah izmerili v času cvetenja. Semena (oreški) tatarske ajde vsebujejo približno 50-krat več rutina na g suhe snovi od semen navadne ajde. Semena obeh vrst vsebujejo več rutina v notranjosti semena, manj pa v luščini. Vsebnost rutina in kvercetina v delih navadne in tatarske ajde je vsaj deloma pogojena z nadmorsko višino uspevanja. Z nadmorsko višino se višata količina UV-B sevanja ter, predvsem v zgodnje poletnem in jesenskem času, pojavnost nizkih temperatur. Rast rastlin v nižini je omejevala predvsem suša na vrhuncu poletja. Rastline tatarske ajde izkazujejo višjo stopnjo tolerance na sušne razmere od rastlin navadne ajde. Vsebnost rutina ob koncu rastne sezone (ob spravilu pridelka) v listih tatarske ajde se z nadmorsko višino zvišuje. Enako velja za vsebnost rutina v listih navadne ajde iz poskusnih lokacij na 300, 600 in 850 metrih nadmorske višine. Na lokacijah z višjo nadmorsko višino je bila vsebnost rutina v listih nižja, kar nakazuje na to, da so okoljski dejavniki na visoko ležečih lokacijah (1085 in 1200 m n. m. v.) presegli zmožnost odziva (mejo tolerančnega območja) rastlin navadne ajde. Na vsebnost kvercetina v delih navadne in tatarske ajde pozitivno vplivajo nizke temperature. Na dvig vsebnosti kvercetina v listih tatarske ajde je vplivalo tudi objedanje srn.Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) were grown on five locations with different elevations ranging between 300 and 1200 m above sea level. Plants were sampled four times during the growing season. On the leaves from first, pre-flowering period, and second sampling, flowering period, pigments content (UV absorbing compounds, Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, carothenoids, anthocyanins, rutin and quercetin) and optical properties were measured. 3rd and 4th sampling were conducted in time span of roughly ten days at the end of growing period during harvesting. Plants height, dry steam, leaves and seed (achenes) mass, rutin and quercetin concentration in leaves and seeds were measured. Rutin content in leaves of both Tartary and common buckwheat is high and does not differ much between the two species. The highest rutin content in leaves of both species was observed during the flowering period. Seeds of Tartary buckwheat contain roughly 50-times higher concentration of rutin than common buckwheat seeds. Rutin and quercetin content in different parts of common and Tartary buckwheat are, at least to certain extent, positively affected by altitude. Among all the environmental factors that vary with altitude, lower temperature, especially at the beginning and at the end of the season, and high radiation are the most important factors limiting the plants growth. In the low lands plant growth was decompromised by the lack of precipitation at the height of summer. Rutin concentrations also exhibit a role in plants reaction to dehydration stress. Tartary buckwheat plants seems to cope with drought conditions better that common buckwheat plants. At the end of the growing season, in the case of common buckwheat, sudden drop in rutin concentration was observed on locations with high altitude (1085 and 1200 m a. s. l.). This suggests that stress conditions on locations with high altitude exceeded plants ability to adapt to environmental stress
Effects of potassium silicate treatment on barley grown in hydroponic solution
No full textNavadni ječmen (Hordeum vulgare L.), gojen na hidroponski način, smo gojili v hranilnih raztopinah, ki so vsebovale različne koncentracije silicija (0 mM0,5 mM, 1 mM in 1,5 mM Si). Tekom poskusa smo merili morfološke, anatomske, fiziološke in biokemijske lastnosti kontrolnih in tretiranih rastlin. Merili smo odbojnost in presevnost listov, vsebnosti klorofila a in b, vsebnosti karotenoidov, aktivnost elektronskega transportnega sistema (ETS) v mitohondrijih ter fotokemično učinkovitost fotosistema II (FS II). Dejansko in potencialno fotokemično učinkovitost fotosistema II smo izvajali tedensko. Prešteli in analizirali smo trihome na zgornji in spodnji strani lista. Različne koncentracije silicija so imele različen vpliv na opazovane parametre pri ječmenu, gojenem na hidroponski način. Ječmen, gojen v hranilni raztopini z 0,5 mM silicija, je imel najdaljše korenine, največ klorofila a in b, največjo aktivnost ETS in najmanjše število trihomov na zgornji strani povrhnjice. Kontrolna skupina, ki je uspevala v razmerah brez dodanega silicija, je imela več senescenčnih listov kot rastline, ki smo jim dodali silicij.Common barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown hydroponically was exposed to nutrient solutions containing different concentrations of Si (0 mM0.5 mM, 1 mM, and 1.5 mM Si). Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of control and treated plants were measured during the experiment. Morphological parameters, reflectance, transmittance, chlorophyll a and b content, carotenoid content and electron transport system activity (ETS) were measured. Weekly measurements of the actual and potential photochemical efficiency of photosystem II were carried out. Trichomes on the upper and lower side of the leaf were counted and analysed. Different silicon concentrations had a mixed effect on the observed parameters in barley grown hydroponically. Barley grown in nutrient solution with 0.5 mM silicon had the longest roots, the highest chlorophyll a and b content, the highest ETS activity, and the lowest number of trichomes on the upper side of the epidermis. The control group (0 mM Si) had more senescent leaves than the barley plants, treated with silicon
Effect of selenium and iodine on growth and development of Tartary buckwheat sprouts
Full text linkTatarska ajda (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn) je pomemben vir vlaknin, mineralov npr. Zn in Cu ter antioksidantov kot je rutin. Namen naše raziskave je bil raziskati vpliv selenata (Se(VI)) in jodata (I(V)) ter njuno kombinacijo na morfološke, fiziološke in biokemijske značilnosti kalic tatarske ajde. V magistrski nalogi smo semena tatarske ajde izpostavili Se(VI) (20 mg/L), ali I(V) (1500 mg/L) oz. Se(VI) + I(V) (20 mg/L Se(VI) + 1500 mg/L (I(V)). Kalitev in razvoj kalic je potekal v rastnih komorah. Po treh tednih smo opravili morfološke in biokemijske meritve na kalicah. Opravili smo tri ponovitve. Ugotovili smo, da je izpostavitev semen tatarske ajde Se(VI) spodbudila kaljivost semen ter rast kalic, kar sovpada s vsebnostjo vode v kalicah tatarske ajde, ki je bila najvišja pri izpostavitvi Se(VI). Večji delež suhe snovi smo izmerili pri kalicah tatarske ajde iz semen, izpostavljenih I(V) ali Se(VI) + I(V). Namakanje semen v raztopino Se(VI) kot tudi I(V) nista negativno vplivala na razvoj kalic tatarske ajde, saj je bila fotokemična učinkovitost fotosistema II (FSII) višja ali enaka kot pri kontrolni skupini. Najvišjo aktivnost elektronskega transportnega sistema (ETS) smo izmerili pri kontrolni skupini ter pri kalicah tatarske ajde iz semen, izpostavljenih Se(VI), ali I(V) oz. Se(VI) + I(V). Koncentracija klorofila a je bila višja pri kontroli in pri kalicah tatarske ajde iz semen, izpostavljenih Se(VI) + I(V). Višjo koncentracijo klorofila b smo izmerili pri kontroli v primerjavi z ostalimi izpostavitvami. Najvišjo vsebnost karotenoidov smo izmerili pri kontroli in pri kalicah iz semen, izpostavljenih Se(VI) + I(V). Vsebnost antocianov je bila najvišja pri kontroli in pri kalicah tatarske ajde iz semen, izpostavljenih I(V). Težnja višjih koncentracij UV-B in UV-A absorbirajočih snovi je bila pri vseh treh ponovitvah pri kontroli. Vsebnost rutina je bila najvišja pri kontroli in pri kalicah tatarske ajde iz semen, izpostavljenih Se(VI) + I(V).Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn) contains important fibres, vitamins, minerals as Zn and Cu and antioxidants as it is rutin. The aim of our study was to examine effect of selenate (Se(VI)), iodate (I(V)) and their combination on morphological, physiological and biochemical properties of buckwheat sprouts. Tartary seeds were soaked in Se(VI) (20 mg/L), I(V) (1500 mg/L) or in Se(VI) + I(V) (20 mg/L Se(VI) + 1500 mg/L (I(V)). Further development of plants proceeded in growth chamber. Three weeks after germination we stopped the experiment and made measurements. We made three repetitions of experiment. Seed germination was higher in control group and in treatment of Se(VI) which effected on increased height and fresh weight of buckwheat sprouts. Dry weight increased in Tartary buckwheat sprouts which seeds were soaked in I(V) or Se(VI) + I(V). Exposures of Se(VI), I(V) and Se(VI) + I(V) provided the same or increased values of photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (FSII) as compared to control group. Activity of electron transport system (ETS) increased in control group and in buckwheat sprouts which seeds were soaked in Se(VI), I(V) or Se(VI) + I(V). Levels of chlorophyll a increased in buckwheat sprouts, which seeds were soaked in Se(VI) + I(V). Increased levels of chlorophyll b were measured in buckwheat sprouts in control group. The highest amounts of carotenoids were measured in control group and in buckwheat sprouts which seeds were soaked in Se(VI) + I(V). Increased levels of anthocyanin were measured in control group and in buckwheat sprouts which seeds were soaked in Se(VI). We noticed trend of increased levels of UV-B and UV-A absorbing compounds in buckwheat sprouts in control group. Levels of rutin increased in control group and in buckwheat sprouts, which seeds were soaked in Se(VI) + I(V)
Changes in the content of rutin and quercetin in grains of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) from harvest to the preparation of bread
Full text linkCilj doktorske disertacije je bil ugotoviti vpliv predhodne hidrotermične obdelave zrnja tatarske ajde, mlečno kislinske fermentacije ter priprave in peke na spremembe, dostopnost in vsebnost flavonoidov rutina in kvercetina v vzorcih priprave in peke kislih kruhov iz tatarske ajde. Cilj je bil tudi ugotoviti, kakšna je antioksidativna aktivnost v vzorcih priprave in peke tatarske ajde in hidrotermično obdelane (HT) tatarske ajde. Vsebnost rutina in kvercetina smo v vzorcih priprave in peke določali z metodo HPLC, antioksidativno aktivnost pa z metodama PCL in ORACFL. Ugotovili smo, da so predhodna hidrotermična obdelava zrnja, mlečno kislinska fermentacija ter priprava in peka vplivale na vsebnost skupnih flavonoidov ter vsebnost in pretvorbo rutina v kvercetin v vzorcih tatarske ajde in HT tatarske ajde. Vsebnost kvercetina se je v vzorcih med postopkom priprave in peke povečevala, med tem ko se je vsebnost rutina zmanjševala. Omenjeni postopki obdelave zrnja in vzorcev priprave in peke so vplivali tudi na spremembe skupne antioksidativne aktivnosti vzorcev tatarske ajde in HT tatarske ajde. Pri predhodni hidrotermični obdelavi zrnja tatarske ajde se pri naši raziskavi ni pokazal vpliv na vsebnost taninov v vzorcih priprave in peke. Dodatek moke oljne kadulje (chie) kislemu kruhu iz moke tatarske ajde v razmerju (90:10) je vplival na izboljšanje prehranskih lastnosti kislega kruha, ki je bil izražen predvsem v povečanju vsebnosti n-3 (omega-3) maščobnih kislin in povečanju skupne antioksidativne aktivnosti. Naše ugotovitve so lahko v pomoč pri razvoju kruhov z dodatki snovi, koristnih za zdravje.The goal of this doctoral dissertation was to determine how the hydrothermal conditioning of tartary buckwheat grain, lactic acid fermentation and process of dough preparation and baking, influences availability and changes in the content of flavonoids, rutin and quercetin and antioxidant activity in baking samples of tartary buckwheat and hydrothermally treated (HT) tartary buckwheat. The content of rutin and quercetin in baking samples has been determined by HPLC method, while antioxidant activity has been determined by PCL and ORACFL methods. Hydrothermal conditioning, lactic acid fermentation and process of dough preparation and baking had an impact on content of total flavonoids and content and the conversion of rutin into quercetin in baking samples of tartary buckwheat and HT tartary buckwheat. The content of rutin decreased and the content of quercetin increased over the process of sour bread preparation in samples of tartary buckwheat and HT tartary buckwheat. Changes in antioxidant activity during the baking process were similar in tartary buckwheat and HT tartary buckwheat samples. We also found that the hydrothermal conditioning of tartary buckwheat grains did not affect the content of tannins in tartary buckwheat samples. We have established that tartary buckwheat sour bread with the addition of chia (90:10) had improved nutritional properties, which were expressed primarily in the increase of the content of n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids and an increase in total antioxidant activity. Our findings can be useful for development of breads with improved health-maintaining properties
Evaluation of ecological condition in Lake Bohinj based on macrophytes
No full textStalno spremljanje ekološkega stanja vodnih teles je del Vodne direktive (Water Framework Directive), ki ureja nadzor kakovosti voda. Biološki elementi se uporabljajo za oceno stanja ekološkega stanja. V raziskavi nas je zanimalo, v kakšnem ekološkem stanju se nahaja Bohinjsko jezero glede na makrofite, kakšna je njihova vrstna sestava in pogostost ter globina uspevanja. Preverili smo, kateri fizikalni in kemijski parametri vplivajo na razporeditev makrofitov. Merili smo koncentracijo kisika in nasičenost s kisikom, pH, temperaturo in električno prevodnost. Opazovali smo tudi, kakšna je raba tal v zaledju, substrat in obrežna vegetacija. Zabeležili smo devet vrst makrofitov iz štirih družin, našli smo jih na globinah od 0,4 do 7,7 m. Najpogosteje najdena vrsta je bila klasasti rmanec (Myriophyllum spicatum). V jezeru uspevajo še štiri vrste dristavcev, tri vrste har ter emergentna vrsta navadni trst (Phragmites australis). Vrsta P. pusillus, je bila v Bohinjskem jezeru najdena po petih letih. Glede na popisane makrofite smo izračunali indeks SMILE (Slovenski indeks za vrednotenje ekološkega stanja jezerskih ekosistemov na podlagi makrofitov). Jezero smo v letu 2020 na podlagi makrofitov uvrstili v zelo dobro ekološko stanje. Multivariatna analiza je izmed okoljskih dejavnikov pokazala statistično značilen vpliv substrata na razporeditev makrofitov. Glede na prejšnja leta ostaja ekološko stanje Bohinjskega jezera na podlagi makrofitov zelo dobro.Constant monitoring of ecological status of water bodies is a part of Water Framework Directive (WFD), which commits European Union member states to achieve good qualitative and quantitative status of all water bodies by 2015. Biological elements are included in the evaluation of the ecological status. In research, we concentrated on ecological status Lake Bohinj based on macrophyte community, the composition of species, and their abundances. We also examined how physical and chemical parameters effect their distribution on macrophytes. Measured parameters were oxygen concentrations and saturation, pH, temperature and electrical conductivity. At site, we detected land use in catchment of lake, substrate and riparian vegetation. In the laboratory, we determined concentrations of total phosphorus and nitrogen. We found 9 species of aquatic plants from four different plant families. They were found in depth from 0,4 to 7,7 m. The most frequently noted species was Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Based on the list of aquatic plants we found, we calculated SMILE index (Slovenian index for evaluation of ecological state of lake ecosystems based on macrophytes). Results have shown that lake in year 2020 we classified lake Bohinj to very good. The multivariant analysis showed that only substrate had effected significantly on distribution of macrophytes from all environmental factors. By comparing data from previous years, we showed that Lake Bohinj still belongs to very good ecological status
The response of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) to different concentrations and compounds of selenium
Full text linkSelenium is a trace element and an essential microelement for humans, animals and microorganisms, whereas this has not been established for plants yet. It is widespread in the earth's crust and occurs in soil, seawater and freshwater as well as minerals and sediments. Climatic conditions, geological composition of the soil and numerous anthropogenic factors affect the presence of selenium in the environment. It can exist in four oxidation states. Selenite is the most important form of selenium in soil. It can convert into selenate due to microbiological activity. Being the most soluble inorganic forms of selenium, selenite and selenate are the most accessible to plants. The effect of selenium depends mainly on its form and concentration in plants. We studied the influence of different concentrations and forms of selenium on biochemical and morphological characteristics of common duckweed. Plants were exposed to various concentrations (1 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 5 mg/L) of sodium selenite solutions (Na2SeO3), various concentrations (1 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 5 mg/L) of sodium selenate solutions (Na2SeO4) and to a combination of selenite and selenate with a 2 mg/L concentration. Furthermore, we used a control group cultured in growth medium with no Se added. During the experiment, we measured the photochemical effect of photosystem II (FS II) with the PAM 2500 fluorometer, the activity of the electron transport system (ETS) and observed with the naked eye the morphological changes (changes in frond colour, counting fronds and root degradation) as well as prepared the samples for the measurement of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids) and anthocyanins. We have established that plants that have been exposed to concentrations (1 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 5 mg/L) of sodium selenate, (1 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 5 mg/L) of sodium selenite and the combination of selenite and selenate, grew and developed poorly under stress conditions. Consequently, their photochemical effect of photosystem II (FS II), activity of the electron transport system (ETS) and concentrations of photosynthetic pigments were lower. This study will improve the understanding of how different forms and concentrations of selenium affect the common duckweed
The effect of selenium and iodine on selected biochemical and morphological characteristics in kohlrabi sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.)
Full text linkSelenium (Se) and iodine (I) are essential elements for humans and animals, while their essential role for plants has not yet been established. There is also very little information about the interaction between selenium and iodine in plants, therefore it is important to study the combined effect of these two elements on plants that are used for human consumption. Approximately 2/3 of the world's population has health problems associated with insufficient intake of Se and I with diet. One of the easiest way to combat this problem is biofortification or enrichment of crops with Se and I, to increase the transfer of Se and I into the food chain.
In our research we used kohlrabi sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.). Kohlrabi is a brassica, which belongs to the family of Brassicaceae, and it looks like a hybrid between cabbage and turnip. The research was conducted at the Department of Biology at the Biotechnical Faculty in the Chain of Ecology and Environmental Protection. The aim of our research was to determine the effect of different forms of Se, I and their combinations on selected biochemical and morphological characteristics of the kohlrabi sprouts. To achieve this goal we have set ourselves two research questions. With the first research question we tried to examine how the different chemical forms of Se and I and combinations of both elements affect selected biochemical and morphological properties of kohlrabi sprouts. With the second research question we tried to examine how the different chemical forms of Se and I and combinations of both elements affect growth of kohlrabi sprouts. The study was conducted on a random sample, which were kohlrabi seeds. The experiment consisted of nine treatments. There were four replicates for each treatment with 300 seeds per one replicate. Sprouts were grown from seeds, which were soaked in eight different solutions with different combinations and forms of Se and I, and in the control solution which was distilled water (dH2O). Other solutions contained selenite (SeO32-) or selenate (SeO42-) with a concentration of 10 mg Se/L, iodide (I-) or iodate (IO3-) with a concentration of 1000 mg I/L, and their combinations (SeO32-+ I-, SeO32-+ IO3-, SeO42- + I-, SeO42- + IO3-). Selenium was applied to distilled water in the form of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), respectively. Iodine was applied to distilled water in the form of potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO3), respectively. We measured the content of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, anthocyanins, UV-A and UV-B absorbing substances. We also measured potential photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS II). At the end of the experiment we measured the weight and length of the sprouts. In order to compare the results the entire experiment was carried out twice
Seasonal monitoring of macrophytes in Šobec pond and its tributary
No full textV magistrski nalogi smo preučevali sezonsko spreminjanje v prisotnosti in
razporeditvi makrofitov v Šobčevem bajerju, pritoku in bazenu, ki se nahaja pred
bajerjem. Makrofite smo štirikrat v sezoni popisovali v pritoku, bazenu in na štirih
vzorčnih mestih v bajerju. Na vsakem od sedmih vzorčnih mest smo spremljali
fizikalne in kemijske parametre vode, merili globino vode in opravili širšo okoljsko
oceno pritoka, bazena in bajerja s pomočjo RCE metode (Ripariran Channel and
Environmental inventory). Na vseh vzorčnih mestih smo štirikrat v sezoni merili tudi
koncentracije nitratov ter fosfatov v vodi. V pritoku, bazenu in bajerju, smo skupno
našli 22 vrst makrofitov, od tega jih je bilo 10 submerznih in 11 emerznih, ena vrsta
je bila submerzna in emerzna. Vrstna sestava makrofitov se je na posameznih
vzorčnih mestih spreminjala skozi sezono. Nekaj vrst je bilo takih, ki so bile na
posameznem vzorčnem mestu prisotne na začetku sezone nato pa jih nismo več našli.
Vrstna sestava makrofitov se je razlikovala ne le med posameznimi sezonami ampak
tudi med vzorčnimi mesti. Ugotovili smo, da od vseh analiziranih parametrov
(koncentracija kisika, nasičenost vode s kisikom, prevodnost, pH, koncentracija
nitratov in fosfatov, globina), na prisotnost in abundanco makrofitov vpliva samo
globina vode.In this thesis, we seasonally monitored species presence and distribution of
macrophytes in Šobec pond and its tributary. The tributary was one of the sample
sites, and the other two were a man-made pool in front of the pond. The pond was
divided into four sampling sites. We also monitored physical and chemical
parameters of water and water depth. In the laboratory, we determined
concentrations of phosphates and nitrates. We also made a RCA (Ripariran Channel
and Environmental Inventory) inventory of a pond, a tributary, and a man-made
pond. Altogether, we found 22 different species of macrophytes. 10 species were
submerged, 11 were emergent and one species was both submerged and emergent.
The species composition changed throughout the seasons at individual sample sites.
A few species were present at the beginning of the season and then disappeared. The
species composition differed not only between individual seasons but also between
sample sites. We found that water depth among all parameters (oxygen
concentration, conductivity, concentration of nitrates and phosphates, pH) had the
greatest influence on the presence and abundance of macrophytes in Šobec pond
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