1,721,090 research outputs found
Postnatal Brain Development and Psychotropic Drugs. Effects on Animals and Animal Models of Depression and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
No full textIn recent years an increased use of psychotropic medication in children has been observed, but little is known about the influence of this medication on brain maturation. Probably, because of methodological problems and/or ethical aspects. It means that only naturalistic observational studies might allow to get some insight in humans. But even animal studies touching this issue are scarce and heterogeneous. Nevertheless, postnatal brain development is highly sensitive to the effects of psychotropic drugs, either in the short- and/or long-term. Therefore, more and better information is needed. The main targets of psychotropic drugs are the monoaminergic transmitter systems that are related to brain networks for motor behavior, motivation, emotion, and cognition. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of drug development interactions and their long-term consequences on brain and behavior, animal studies might provide a good basis for a better understanding and guidance of research in humans. Hence, this article reviews the possible influence of those psychotropic drugs on postnatal brain development in animals (mostly rats and rodents) which are widely used to treat common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents like depression and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Moreover this review refers to the obvious problems of the available animal studies (including experimental animal models of child psychiatric disorders) which seem to be of limited value in translating experimental knowledge to the complexity of clinical understanding and practice
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Psychostimulanzien und andere Arzneistoffe, die zur Behandlung der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) angewendet werden
No full textAls Psychostimulanzien oder Stimulanzien wird die Gruppe von Neuro-/Psychopharmaka bezeichnet, die vorwiegend eine erregende Wirkung auf das zentrale Nervensystem und die Psyche ausüben. Das Hauptanwendungsgebiet der Psychostimulanzien Amphetamin und Methylphenidat ist die Therapie der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS), eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie. Neben diesen Psychostimulanzien werden Nicht-Psychostimulanzien wie Atomoxetin, Clonidin und Guanfacin zur Behandlung der ADHS verwendet. In diesem Kapitel wird ein kurzer Überblick zu den Erklärungsmodellen der Wirkmechanismen von Psychostimulanzien und anderen Substanzen gegeben. Weiter werden wichtige Aspekte der klinischen Psychopharmakologie wie Indikationen, klinische Wirksamkeit und Studienlage, Dosierungen, Pharmaka-Wechselwirkungen, Anwendungseinschränkungen, Dauer der Behandlung und Kontrolluntersuchungen als Orientierungshilfe für die klinische Anwendung besprochen
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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