320 research outputs found
Genetic Analysis of Multiple Paternity in an Endangered Ovoviviparous Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus
No full textThe crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus) is an ovoviviparous lizard belonging to a monotypic family that originated during the end of the quaternary ice age. A rare species in the wild, the crocodile lizard was listed in CITES Appendix II. Knowledge of the reproductive biology and mating system of this species is important for designing conservation strategies and improving genetic variation. To investigate the paternity of the crocodile lizards and to interpret their reproductive behaviour, we collected saliva from females, potential fathers and offspring in a seminatural enclosure experiment and analyzed the paternity of the crocodile lizard using 12 microsatellite genetic loci. The overall observed incidence of multiple paternity was 42.9% (6 of 14 clutches) and Fis was 0.089 +/- 0.056. These results indicate that the primary mating mode of the crocodile lizard is that males are polygynous while with females are polyandrous, and there is multiple paternity among offspring of the same mother
Basilisk Lizard Force Interactions with Fluid Environments
No full textabstract: Current robotic systems have difficulties traversing and interacting with complex and deformable terrains, such as sand, mud, and water. This research intends to find hierarchical concepts that can be implemented into robotic systems for efficient locomotion by studying animal interactions with these terrains. Due to specific biological characteristics and environmental factors, the basilisk lizard is one animal that can transition easily between many types of terrain. This research will investigate the dynamics and kinematics of the basilisk lizard as it runs on the surface of water. Specifically, a fluid dynamic force platform has been designed and developed that will directly measure the forces exerted by the animal’s feet as it runs across the water. This platform will be used in conjunction with a motion capture system to characterize the basilisk lizard movements. This report examines the design and development of the force platform, the characterization of the frequencies of the platform leading to validation, and presents observations from preliminary lizard experiments with the setup
Transcriptomic Analysis of Tail Regeneration in the Lizard Anolis carolinensis Reveals Activation of Conserved Vertebrate Developmental and Repair Mechanisms
No full textLizards, which are amniote vertebrates like humans, are able to lose and regenerate a functional tail. Understanding the molecular basis of this process would advance regenerative approaches in amniotes, including humans. We have carried out the first transcriptomic analysis of tail regeneration in a lizard, the green anole Anolis carolinensis, which revealed 326 differentially expressed genes activating multiple developmental and repair mechanisms. Specifically, genes involved in wound response, hormonal regulation, musculoskeletal development, and the Wnt and MAPK/FGF pathways were differentially expressed along the regenerating tail axis. Furthermore, we identified 2 microRNA precursor families, 22 unclassified non-coding RNAs, and 3 novel protein-coding genes significantly enriched in the regenerating tail. However, high levels of progenitor/stem cell markers were not observed in any region of the regenerating tail. Furthermore, we observed multiple tissue-type specific clusters of proliferating cells along the regenerating tail, not localized to the tail tip. These findings predict a different mechanism of regeneration in the lizard than the blastema model described in the salamander and the zebrafish, which are anamniote vertebrates. Thus, lizard tail regrowth involves the activation of conserved developmental and wound response pathways, which are potential targets for regenerative medical therapies
The Lizard King: Le Roi Lézard
No full textOriginal work by Brody Pagel
The Lizard King is a nickname for Jim Morrison, singer with the Doors. He compared himself to a comet, and this poem alludes to this image. Morrison was very young when he died - 27 years old. He was the first rock star to become so famous. His life was very short and explosive, like the fireworks that the author of this poem describes
Basilisk Lizard Inspired Methods for Locomotion on Granular and Aquatic Media with Robotic Applications
No full textabstract: The Basilisk lizard is known for its agile locomotion capabilities on granular and aquatic media making it an impressive model organism for studying multi-terrain locomotion mechanics. The work presented here is aimed at understanding locomotion characteristics of Basilisk lizards through a systematic series of robotic and animal experiments. In this work, a Basilisk lizard inspired legged robot with bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion capabilities is presented. A series of robot experiments are conducted on dry and wet (saturated) granular media to determine the effects of gait parameters and substrate saturation, on robot velocity and energetics. Gait parameters studied here are stride frequency and stride length. Results of robot experiments are compared with previously obtained animal data. It is observed that for a fixed robot stride frequency, velocity and stride length increase with increasing saturation, confirming the locomotion characteristics of the Basilisk lizard. It is further observed that with increasing saturation level, robot cost of transport decreases. An identical series of robot experiments are performed with quadrupedal gait to determine effects of gait parameters on robot performance. Generally, energetics of bipedal running is observed to be higher than quadrupedal operation. Experimental results also reveal how gait parameters can be varied to achieve different desired velocities depending on the substrate saturation level. In addition to robot experiments on granular media, a series of animal experiments are conducted to determine and characterize strategies
exhibited by Basilisk lizards when transitioning from granular to aquatic media.Dissertation/ThesisMasters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 201
Force Measurement of Basilisk Lizard Running on Water
No full textabstract: Basilisk lizards are often studied for their unique ability to run across the surface of
water. Due to the complicated fluid dynamics of this process, the forces applied on the
water’s surface cannot be measured using traditional methods. This thesis presents a
novel technique of measuring the forces using a fluid dynamic force platform (FDFP),
a light, rigid box immersed in water. This platform, along with a motion capture
system, can be used to characterize the kinematics and dynamics of a basilisk lizard
running on water. This could ultimately lead to robots that can run on water in a
similar manner.Dissertation/ThesisMasters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 201
Short and long-term effects of fire and vegetation cover on four lizard species in Amazonian savannas
No full textEcological succession in tropical savannas is limited by seasonal fire, which affects habitat quality. Although fire may cause negligible or positive effects on animals occupying savannas, most short-term studies (months to a few years) are based on a single temporal sampling snapshot, and long-term studies (decades) are rare. We sampled four lizard species in Amazonian savannas to test the effects of fire and vegetation cover on lizard densities at two temporal scales. In the short-term, we use three sampling snapshots to test the effects of fire and vegetation cover on estimated lizard densities over the subsequent 1–5 years. In the long-term, we test the effects of fire and changes in vegetation cover over 21 years on current lizard density differences. In the short-term, species responses were usually consistent with foraging and thermoregulation modes. However, the results were not consistent among species and years, although the variances in species density explained by year as a random factor were generally low. In the long-term, the main effects of fire and vegetation cover show that lizard densities may change spatially, but not necessarily temporarily. Wildfire is a natural resource of savannas and apparently have little impact on resident lizards of that ecosystem.The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the pdf file of the accepted manuscript may differ slightly from what is displayed on the item page. The information in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript reflects the original submission by the author
Variation in locomotor performance in demographically known populations of the lizard sceloporus merriami
No full textWe examined correlates (sex, size, age) of variation in maximal burst speed (racetrack) and in stamina (time until exhaustion at 0.5 km · h⁻¹) in two populations of the iguanid lizard Sceloporus merriami in Big Bend National Park, Texas. Because these populations were known demographically and were studied in several years, we were able to examine the effects of adult age on performance, the between-year repeatability of individual performance, and environmental correlates of yearly variation in performance. Variation in locomotor capacities was striking. Males were faster than females, and lizards from the Grapevine Hills were faster than those from Boquillas (lower elevation). However, sex and population did not affect stamina. Young adults (1-yr-olds) were slightly faster but had slightly less stamina than did older adults (2-3-yr-olds). Adult size (mass, snout-vent length, hind limb length) had little effect on performance. Average performance varied significantly among years, but stamina varied more than did speed. Stamina was highest in a summer preceded by relatively wet fall and winter. Despite the between-year variation in average performance, individual speed and stamina are both significantly repeatable over at least 1 yr. Neither tail loss nor toe loss affected sprint speed, but body temperature had a marked effect on speed
The Effect of Arthropod Biomass on Lizard Abundance
No full textabstract: The effects of biocontrol and the potential risks associated with them are of interest to many researchers. In the Virgin River area of Nevada, natural resource managers have done studies of various removal techniques on the non-native Tamarix spp. strands. One such area of focus is the use of biocontrol in the form of the tamarisk leaf beetle (Diorhabda spp.), and the resulting changes in the environment from the defoliation of the trees. Previous studies have shown that removal of the plants can potentially be beneficial to lizards. But do changes in the environment change the amount of food available? We were interested to see if the amount of arthropod biomass from these areas had a relationship with the lizard abundance. Taking arthropod collection data from the Virgin River, we compared it with arthropod data over several years, before and after Diorhabda was introduced in 2010. Arthropod biomass data was obtained by taking the collected arthropods and drying them in an oven and weighing them. Results show that there is no correlation between the arthropod numbers or biomass with the amount of lizards in the area, that biomass was greatest after biocontrol introduction, and biomass was highest in mixed Tamarix and native tree strands versus just Tamarix strands. In conclusion, arthropod numbers and biomass have shown to be a poor indicator of lizard abundance, and factors such as temperature changes in the environment might be a better indicator of the changing abundance of lizards
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