109 research outputs found
Perspectives théoriques et empiriques sur la peinture impressionniste
No full textCupchik Gerald C. Perspectives théoriques et empiriques sur la peinture impressionniste. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 30 n°329, 1977. Nouvelles perspectives en psychologie de l'art. pp. 720-729
An interview with Gerald Cupchik: Equity, diversity and inclusion
No full textHow should we address equity, diversity, and inclusion issues in the ‘Post-COVID era’? Some students just want the degree, whereas others miss the social intimacy of classroom experiences. In this interview, we address a dissociation between university administrations with top-down, ideologically driven agendas, and the lived experiences of students. Students become immersed in diversity by participating in classes based on shared interests that cut across backgrounds and reflect experiential learning; moving from ‘cliques to networks.’ Inclusion cannot be mandated by the university and formally required of lecturers. Rather, it reflects a student’s feeling of belonging based on acceptance by others in the classroom setting and this is something that lecturers can foster. Equity is a more delicate theme tied to past exclusions that touch many communities. Gatekeepers have historically excluded students based on race or cultural affiliation. Attempts to redress this imbalance for specific communities can forget the historical exclusion of others. My approach favors ‘inclusive authenticity,’ whereby students are in touch with their heritage, and ‘reflective awareness,’ a sensitivity to the political dynamics that surround them. We can move from ‘surface to depth,’ both as institutions and individuals by fostering critical thinking and listening to the voices of students
Psychological Meme Science
No full textMemes are ideas, often represented using media, with the special characteristics of being repeatable and adaptable. Memes impact our lives in material ways, influencing political systems and propagating the stories our shared culture is built from. When propagated via online social networks, the massive scale at which memes operate is without precedent. However, the meme does not act on its own; it is only by human activity that memes are created and proliferated. This dissertation will tackle a series of research questions surrounding the scientific study of humans and memes from a psychological perspective.
This work begins with the observation that science is a social enterprise and scientific ideas spread as memes. The first chapter of this dissertation applies social network methods to the global scientific collaboration network in order to build a map of beliefs about systems of humans and memes. The next chapter examines a hierarchical democratic phenomenon - the online campaign preceding an election - in order to determine the appropriate analytical scope for investigating complex systems of political memes. The final chapter presents a method for translating regression models from the psychological literature into computational social simulations using agent-based models. A computational social simulation of urban legends is then built, replicating a study from the literature and then extending it to examine the effect of social network topology upon the propagation of urban legends.
Humans and memes, together, constitute a complex system that offers new methodological tools to study the human condition.Ph.D
The Social Transmission of User-generated Memes
No full textThe popular concept of viral media is like the flu: once unleashed, it naturally infects all your friends. This work suggests that viral impact may not be determined by the content alone but also by the content’s creator as part of the Viral Feedback Loop. Participants interacted with a type of online meme called an image macro which has historically been shared virally. Participants made their own User-Generated Content (UGC) with Memelab, an image macro builder written for this experiment. Participants then shared their UGC online, which was longitudinally monitored to create a behavioural measure of viral impact. When sharing with a friend, participants’ predictions of how much their UGC would be liked was positively associated with viral impact. Intent to Share was modelled as a function of image macro content features and participant responses, which was then modelled with an Agent-based computer simulation.MAS
The Social Transmission of User-generated Memes
No full textThe popular concept of viral media is like the flu: once unleashed, it naturally infects all your friends. This work suggests that viral impact may not be determined by the content alone but also by the content’s creator as part of the Viral Feedback Loop. Participants interacted with a type of online meme called an image macro which has historically been shared virally. Participants made their own User-Generated Content (UGC) with Memelab, an image macro builder written for this experiment. Participants then shared their UGC online, which was longitudinally monitored to create a behavioural measure of viral impact. When sharing with a friend, participants’ predictions of how much their UGC would be liked was positively associated with viral impact. Intent to Share was modelled as a function of image macro content features and participant responses, which was then modelled with an Agent-based computer simulation.MAS
An Interview with Gerald Cupchik
No full textIn this interview, a leading figure in the realm of aestheics, higher education and mentoring responds to some questions about mentoring, the mentoring relationship and the mentoring process
Attenuating Belief Bias Effects in Syllogistic Reasoning: The Role of Belief-content Conflict
No full textA reasoner’s beliefs can compromise or inflate the accuracy of their syllogistic judgments when syllogistic content and structure are incongruent or congruent, respectively. An integrated approach to the study of syllogistic reasoning led to the investigation of premise-based belief-content conflict and its impact on belief bias. The belief-content conflict cue attenuated belief bias in incongruent valid and invalid trials, as well as congruent invalid trials. Its efficacy was found to depend on the difficulty level of the syllogism in which it was embedded and the location of its placement. Reaction time analyses were used to guide interpretations about the relative engagement of Systems 1 and 2. The key findings suggested that belief-content conflict activated System 2 for invalid incongruent trials which would otherwise have been processed using low-cost heuristic means due to their inherent difficulty. In contrast, it appeared that in valid trials the cue led to a redirection of System 2 resources such that specialized analytic strategies were applied in incongruent trials preceded by belief-content conflict compared to those lacking this cue. Finally, belief bias was successfully offset by belief-content conflict even in cases of congruency. In congruent invalid trials without this cue participants’ intuitive awareness of the content-structure match appeared to lead to low-cost, belief-based guesses; yet when presented as the major premise this conflict cue appeared to shift System 1 processing away from content and towards structure. Albeit less diligent than System 2 analysis, the shallow consideration of structural features may have been viewed as a safer bet than any shortcut aiming to capitalize on syllogistic content. This set of findings cannot be fully accounted for by the selective scrutiny, misinterpreted necessity, mental models, verbal reasoning, selective processing, or Receiver Operating Characteristics accounts thereby highlighting the need for considering belief-content conflict in future models of belief bias.Ph
Realismo constructivista: una ontología que abarca los enfoques positivistas y constructivistas en las ciencias sociales
No full textEs heißt, dass positivistische und konstruktivistische Ontologien unvereinbar sind. LINCOLN und GUBA (2000) zufolge ist mit einem positivistischen "naiven Realismus" die Position verbunden, dass die Realität sowohl "real" als auch "erkennbar" ist; im Konstruktivismus wird dagegen die Meinung vertreten, dass Bedeutung von Individuen und von Gruppen erst geschaffen wird. Diese Analyse impliziert, dass die quantitative und die qualitative Methodologie, wie sie jeweils mit dem Positivismus sowie dem Konstruktivismus assoziiert sind, ebenfalls als unvereinbar gelten müssen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird der konstruktivistische Realismus als eine alternative Ontologie vorgeschlagen, die sowohl Positivismus als auch Konstruktivismus sowie den damit verbundenen methodischen Zugängen Rechnung zu tragen vermag. Der erste Schritt besteht darin, eine soziale Welt (oder soziale Welten) anzuerkennen, wie sie sich im natürlichen Alltagsleben spiegelt, unabhängig von sowohl positivistischen als auch konstruktivistischen Ontologien und diesen vorausgehend – daher die Bezeichnung Realismus. Phänomene werden dabei als Prozesse verstanden, die sich über die physikalische, soziale und persönliche Welt des Selbst hinweg erstrecken. Qualitative sowie quantitative Forscher/innen befassen sich mit diesen Phänomenen; sie erstellen jeweils entweder reiche Beschreibungen oder aber präzise Analysen funktionaler Beziehungen. Ich gehe hier von der Annahme aus, dass beide Ansätze forschungspraktisch mit dem Problem der Datenkonstruktion konfrontiert sind und als Folge potenziellen Verzerrungen ausgesetzt sind. Während die Beschreibung traditionell der Hypothesentestung vorgeordnet ist (d.h. Naturgeschichte geht der Hypothesentestung voraus), werden die beiden Ansätze hier als komplementär und als parallel angesehen. Qualitative Methoden bieten eine Tiefenbeschreibung zugrunde liegender Prozesse und können entsprechend dazu beitragen, Hypothesen zur Testung spezifischer funktionaler Beziehungen zu erstellen. Empirische Befunde, die sich auf Prozesse beziehen, können dagegen den Blick auf Gegenstandsbereiche lenken, die von einer detaillierten deskriptiven Analyse profitieren würden.
URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs010177It has been argued that positivist and constructivist ontologies are irreconcilable. According to LINCOLN and GUBA (2000), positivism's "naive realism" holds that reality is both "real" and "apprehendable," whereas constructivism maintains that meaning is generated by individuals and groups. This analysis implies that the quantitative and qualitative methodologies associated with positivism and constructivism, respectively, are also incommensurable. In this paper, constructivist realism is proposed as an alternative ontology that accommodates positivism and constructivism and the methods that they subtend. The first step is to acknowledge a social world (or worlds) that is reflected in the natural attitude of daily life and exists prior to and independent of either positivist or constructivist analysis; hence realism. Phenomena are understood as processes which cut across the physical, social, and personal (self) worlds. Qualitative and quantitative researchers examine these phenomena, offering rich descriptive accounts or precise analyses of functional relations, respectively. It is assumed that both approaches to research practice face the problem of constructing "data" and are therefore subject to potential bias. While description has traditionally been viewed as preceding hypothesis testing (i.e., natural history precedes hypothesis testing), the two approaches are viewed here as complementary and in parallel. Qualitative methods offer an in-depth account of underlying processes and can help frame hypotheses that test specific functional relationships, while empirical findings related to processes can suggest areas which might benefit from detailed descriptive examination.
URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs010177Se ha argumentado que la ontología positivista y la constructivista son irreconciliables. De acuerdo a LINCOLN y GUBA (2000), el realismo "naïve" positivista sostiene que la realidad es a la vez "real" y "aprehensible" mientras que el constructivismo sostiene que el significado es generado por los individuos y grupos. Este análisis implica que las metodologías cuantitativas y cualitativas asociadas al positivismo y al constructivismo respectivamente, son también inconmensurables. En este trabajo, el Realismo constructivista es propuesto como una ontología alternativa que adecúa el positivismo y el constructivismo y los métodos implicados. El primer paso es admitir un mundo social (o mundos) que es reflejado en las actitudes naturales de la vida cotidiana y que existe anterior e independientemente de cualquier análisis positivista o constructivista y por tanto del realismo. Los fenómenos son entendidos como un proceso que atraviesa al mundo físico, social y personal. Los investigadores cualitativos y cuantitativos examinan estos fenómenos ofreciendo respectivamente ricas descripciones y precisos análisis de relaciones funcionales. Se asume que ambos acercamientos a la práctica de la investigación encaran el problema de la construcción de los datos y por lo tanto estan sujetos a potenciales parcializaciones. Mientras que la descripción fue vista tradicionalmente como antecediendo al testeo de hipótesis (por ejemplo, la historia natural precede a la prueba de las hipótesis), los dos acercamientos son vistos aquí como complementarios y paralelos. Los métodos cualitativos ofrecen una explicación en profundidad de procesos implicitos y pueden ayudar a enmarcar hipótesis que testean relaciones funcionales específicas, mientras que los hallazgos empíricos ligados a los procesos, pueden sugerir áreas que puedan ser beneficiadas con un examen descriptivo y detallado.
URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs01017
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