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A text-centered rhetorical analysis of Paul's letter to Titus
No full textThis study has been conducted upon the presupposition that the Letter to Titus still has to benefit from a thorough rhetorical critical analysis that will demonstrate its uniqueness as a coherent, comprehensive portion of New Testament literature that can be interpreted independently from the two letters to Timothy. Accordingly, a review of existing scholarship on the Pastorals generally and Titus specifically was conducted (Section1) followed by a comprehensive text-centred rhetorical analysis of the Letter to Titus (Section 2). Finally, a summary of the results of this study was presented (Section 3). In Section 1, the review of existing scholarship on the authorship, theology, structure and coherency, and rhetorical approaches to Titus revealed how, due to the pervasiveness of the authenticity or authorship debate about the Pastorals, the Letter to Titus has been marginalised and interpreted in the light of the Timothean correspondence. In all the above categories, the individuality and uniqueness of Titus have been compromised. The authenticity of the Pastoral Letters went unchallenged until the turn of the nineteenth century when German scholars expressed their doubts about the alleged Pauline authorship of this corpus. The key dispute issues related to theological, ecclesiological, stylistic and historical inconsistencies that New Testament scholars observed in their analysis of the three letters. In response to these apparent inconsistencies, various theories were developed to account for the origin of the three letters. The first was the pseudonymous or fiction hypothesis according to which it is argued that the Pastorals were authored by someone other than Paul, but who used his name, probably some time after his death. Scholars who defend Pauline authorship of the Pastorals have challenged pseudonymity on the basis of ethics, history, hermeneutics, and apostolic objections. The origin of the letters have also been explained by the following theories: fragment hypothesis, secretary or amanuensis hypothesis and the allonymity or allepigraphy hypothesis. Theology, Christology, pneumatology and soteriology are central emphases in the theology of Titus, but tend to be interpreted in relationship with the other two letters. Structurally, the Letter to Titus, when compared to the other Pastorals, has been described as not having any structure, being incoherent. This position has been proposed by James Miller. In defence, Ray van Neste has argued for the coherence of the letter. Rhetorical studies devoted exclusively to Titus have been found to be severely lacking. The exception has been the work by Joachim Classen entitled “A rhetorical reading of the Epistle to Titus”. While having much to commend it, the article has been shown to have several serious shortcomings: although the article deals with what is there, it does not address the issue of persuasion; in other words, it does not evaluate why the author says things in the way he does; it is more exegetical than rhetorical; it is not a comprehensive treatment of the whole letter; it is silent about the obvious theological emphases in the letter. There have been increasing calls for an appreciation of the three letters individually. This study attempted to respond to that call on the basis of the following hypothesis: A thorough text-centred rhetorical approach to the Letter of Titus (i.e. without relating it to the other two Pastoral Letters or approaching it in terms of the authenticity/inauthenticity debate) will yield new insights for its interpretation. In Section 2 the rhetorical situation was presented followed by a comprehensive rhetorical analysis of the letter, using a text-centred, minimal theory framework approach, formulated by D.F. Tolmie (2005). The objective was to investigate and analyse the rhetorical strategy of the author from the text, which was divided into 11 rhetorical units. Each unit was demarcated and described in terms of the dominant rhetorical objective of the author. This was done based on a verse-by-verse analysis of the text. This approach yielded much insight into the unique rhetorical structure of the letter as a whole and provided rich insights into the coherence of the letter. A variety of rhetorical techniques revealed the intricate rhetorical structure that characterise this short letter. Some techniques have been observed that may not yet have been categorised by scholars to date. In Section 3 the results of the study have been summarised. It sets out the rhetorical objective of the text in terms of the chronological development of the author’s argument as it develops from unit to unit. A second way to describe the rhetorical strategy of the author has been described in terms of the overlap between the various units which revealed several controlling rhetorical objectives. Furthermore, the rhetorical techniques used in the letter have been summarised in this section. New techniques have also been defined and listed in the concluding section. The study concludes with the conviction that the Letter to Titus can stand independently from the rest of the Pastorals and makes a significant contribution in our understanding and appreciation of Paul’s use of rhetoric.University of the Free State, Faculty of Theolog
τὸ τέλειον and the status of the πνευματικοί in 1 Corinthians 13:8-12
Full text linkMTh (New Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom CampusDebates have persisted as to whether “the perfect” (τὸ τέλειον 1 Corinthians 13:10), as described by Paul, was a thing which, by its coming would cause the gifts of prophecy (προφητεῖαι 1 Corinthians 13:8b), tongues (γλῶσσαι 1 Corinthians 13:8b), and knowledge (γνῶσις 1 Corinthians 13:8b) to cease; or whether “the perfect” refers to something yet in the future that the Corinthians will experience which will cause these spiritual gifts to cease. According to McDougall (2003) and Houghton (1996), “the perfect” should be understood as something that will come to the Corinthians in their era, initially specific to them and then to subsequent recipients of this letter. Thus, it is a recurring experience. On the other hand, there are those like Grudem (2000), who maintain that “the perfect” is exclusively futuristic or eschatological and metaphoric with reference to the parousia event, which all believers throughout the ages will experience together. To reach the focus on the text this way and to reach these conclusions these above scholars utilise the historical-grammatical method of interpretation.
Other scholars such as Smit (1991), Witherington (2005) and Biatoma (2010) have sought to analyse 1 Corinthians 13 by focusing on the rhetorical aspect of the passage in which the permanency of love (ἀγάπη) featured prominently in their analyses. In their analyses of 1 Corinthians 13 they rely on either classical or modern rhetorical models to interpret the passage. Their efforts highlight the rhetorical features of this text that are often left not addressed comprehensively by those who utilise the grammatical-historical method of interpretation.
The focus of this study is to investigate an alternative approach for interpreting 1 Corinthians 13:8-12 using a text immanent approach called TGPA (Genade, 2015). The focus using this methodology is to test whether TGPA of 1 Corinthians 13:8-13 may present a better understanding of Paul’s persuasive intent behind this topic of spiritual gifts and their status thereof in the Corinthian community. This methodology focuses on identifying and analysing the dominant rhetorical strategy of the text by answering the two primary questions:
• How can one describe the author’s primary rhetorical objective in the particular section?
• How does the author set about achieving this objective?
To answer these questions this study offers a detailed analysis of Paul’s rhetorical strategy in 1 Corinthians 13, the supporting strategies, and the rhetorical techniques he uses to enhance the effectiveness of his communication.Master
Titus 3:3 as selfvilifikasie: �n Retoriese opsie
Full text linkTitus 3:3 as self-vilification: A rhetorical option The rhetorical function of the vice list in Titus 3:3 remains to be accounted for. This article proposes that self-vilification, a novel rhetorical technique, be considered to investigate and propose a rhetorical function for Titus 3:3. The result is the identification and formulation of the overarching rhetorical objective of the verse in its totality. Titus 3:3 expresses a valuable corrective to Christian attitudes that could compromise the evangelistic or missiological mandate of the Church today
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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