204,389 research outputs found
[Letter from Robert M. Geiger to Elisa de La Vara - April 23, 1975]
No full textLetter from Robert M. Geiger to Elisa de La Vara on April 23, 1975, regarding the deposition of Joseph Benites
[Letter from Robert M. Geiger to Elisa de La Vara - April 30, 1975]
No full textLetter from Robert M. Geiger to Elisa de La Vara on April 30, 1975, regarding the deposition of Joseph Benites
Les inventions mises en oeuvre par ordinateur : actualité et enjeux de l’extension contemporaine de la brevetabilité
No full textLa question de la brevetabilité des inventions mises en œuvre par ordinateur constitue un sujet crucial pour le droit moderne des brevets et plus généralement pour le droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Absent des initiatives législatives depuis que le Parlement européen en 2005 a rejeté à une écrasante majorité une proposition de directive sur le sujet, la question n’a pourtant pas disparu de l’actualité juridique, notamment parce que les inventions « logicielles » ont continué de faire l’objet de décisions des chambres de recours de l’Office européen des brevets et de tribunaux nationaux. De plus, dans le contexte d’une économie désormais mondialisée, les évolutions jurisprudentielles d’autres juridictions comme les Etats-Unis jouent un rôle très important et sont scrutées avec grande attention, dans la mesure où les exploitations des inventions se font souvent dans un contexte global. Cette contribution introductive de l’ouvrage à paraitre sur la question dans la collection du CEIPI (M. Dhenne et Ch. Geiger (dir.), « Les inventions mises en oeuvre par ordinateur : enjeux, pratiques et perspectives », Collection du CEIPI No.67, LexisNexis, 2019) revient sur trois des principaux enjeux, à savoir les enjeux juridiques, socio-économiques et théoriques, de l’extension contemporaine de la brevetabilité dans le domaine des créations informatiques.The patentability of computer-implemented inventions is an issue of crucial importance to modern patent law and to intellectual property law in general. Despite the absence of legislative initiatives on this topic since 2005, when the European Parliament rejected a proposal for a directive on this subject by an overwhelming majority, the issue has not disappeared from legal discussions, mainly due to the fact that "software" inventions continued to be the subject of decisions delivered by the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office and by national courts. Moreover, in the context of an increasingly globalized economy where inventions are exploited internationally, developments taking place in the case-law of other jurisdictions, and particularly in the United States, play and important role and are subject to close scrutiny. This contribution which forms the introductory chapter to a volume that is to be published on this topic in the CEIPI collection (M. Dhenne and Ch. Geiger (eds.), “Computer-Implemented Inventions: Challenges, Current Practices and Perspectives", Collection of the CEIPI No.67, LexisNexis, 2019) examines the legal, socio-economic and theoretical implications of the extension of patentability to computer-implemented inventions under the current patent law system
Anatoma jansenae Geiger, 2006, new species
No full textAnatoma jansenae new species: Figure 18 Anatoma SWA: Jansen 1999: 50, figs. 16–18. Anatoma australis partim: Geiger & Jansen 2004 a: fig. 5 (A. jansenae), not figs. 3–4 (A. australis). Type material. Holotype (AMS C. 402717). Paratypes (AMS C.450272, 7; AMS C.402720, 7; AMS C.402721, 1). Type locality. 238 – 183 m, SW of Cape Naturaliste, Western Australia, Australia, 33.742 °S, 114.435 °E. Etymology. Named after Patty Jansen, New South Wales, Australia, who first recognized the distinctness of the species, and for her contributions to the knowledge of Australian micromolluscs. Description. Shell trochiform globular, medium size (to 2.5 mm). Protoconch of 0.75 whorls, with flocculant sculpture, apertural varix not connected to embryonic cap, apertural margin somewhat sinusoid. Teleoconch I of 0.75 whols, 17–21 distinct axials, spiral of same strength as axial in position of selenizone. Teleoconch II of up to 2.25 whorls. Shoulder somewhat convex, approximately 75 distinct axials on last whorl, 12–18 fine spirals forming at intersection with axials minute, dull points. Base with similar sculpture as shoulder, approximately 20 somewhat stronger spirals; spirals always cords, not as shingles. Umbilicus narrow, continuously sloping with base. Selenizone at periphery, keels moderately strong, moderately elevated; slit open margins converging towards apertural rim. Aperture rounded in lower portion, suborbicular under shoulder. Differential diagnosis. Anatoma australis (Hedley, 1903: Fig. 19) from the eastern Australia has coarser sculpture on the base, particularly with a decrease in density of the spirals in the third closest to the umbilicus; adumbilical margin of adumbilical spirals usually not fully differentiated from surface giving shinglelike appearance. Anatoma tobeyoides Geiger & Jansen, 2004 from southeastern Australia lacks the protoconch varix, and on teleoconch I of less than 0.5 whorls lacks a spiral cord in the position of the selenizone. Anatoma funiculata Geiger & Jansen, 2004 from Queensland is less globular and more angular in overall shape, has a teleoconch I of approximately 0.5 whorls, and a distinct shell strand (funiculus) running into the umbilicus. Distribution. Western Australia, Coral Sea. Specimen records. Coral Sea. 6 m, Saumarez Reef, 21.817 °S, 153.667 °E (AMS C.402669, 1). Timor Sea. 27 m, Sahul Banks, 11.5 °S, 125.5 °E (AMS C.377600, 1). Australia, Western Australia. 75 m, Off Albany, 35.240 °S, 118.342 °E (AMS C.378550, 7). 158 m, Great Australian Bight, E of Hood Point, 34.417 °S, 121.333 °E (AMS C.378551, 2). South Cowaramup, 33.883 °S, 114.983 °E (AMS C.379071, 7). 238 – 183 m, SW of Cape Naturaliste, 33.742 °S, 114.435 °E (AMS C.402717, 1: holotype; AMS C.ex. C.402717, 7: paratypes). 155 m, NW of Bunbury, 33.250 °S, 114.617 °E (AMS C.402719, 1). 200–221 m, NW of Bunbury, 33.000 °S, 114.617 °E (AMS C.402747, 6). 176–182 m, W of Garden Island, 32.262 °S, 115.112 °E (AMS C.402741, 1). 210–212 m, W of Garden Island, 32.250 °S, 115.117 °E (AMS C.402750, 2). Minim Cove, Mosman Park, Swan River, 32.017 °S, 115.767 °E (AMS C.379070, 1). 116 m, off Rottnest Island, 31.673 °S, 115.198 °E (AMS C.378552, 8). 160 m, off Rottnest Island, 31.650 °S, 115.080 °E (AMS C.402749, 1). 110 m, off Rottnest Island, 31.630 °S, 115.178 °E (AMS C.378549, 3). 732 m, W of Rottnest Island, 31.083 °S, 114.767 °E (AMS C.402751, 1). 237–274 m, W of Green Head, 30.750 °S, 114.767 °E (AMS C.402748, 1). 238–247 m, off Cervantes Island, 30.533 °S, 114.683 °E (AMS C.402752, 2). 256 – 192 m, NW of Cervantes, 30.500 °S, 114.633 °E (AMS C.402718, 10). 223–245 m, off Jurien Bay, 30.133 °S, 114.500 °E (AMS C.402745, 1). 197–219 m, NW of Green Head, 29.967 °S, 114.450 °E (AMS C.402721, 1: paratype). 183 m, NW of Beagle Island, 29.725 °S, 114.333 °E (AMS C.402746, 1). 274–283 m, NW of Beagle Island, 29.717 °S, 114.283 °E (AMS C.402720, 7: paratypes). 146 m, W of Dongara, 29.350 °S, 114.117 °E (AMS C.402742, 1). 219 m, W.of Dongara, 29.183 °S, 113.900 °E (AMS C.402744, 1). 183 m, W of Dongara, 29.142 °S, 113.913 °E (AMS C.402743, 1). Point Quobba, N of Carnarvon, 24.483 °S, 113.417 °E (AMS C.379976, 1). 108 m, Off North West Cape, 22.705 °S, 113.540 °E (AMS C.402644, 1; 402645, 1). 2 m, Ningaloo Reef, off Neds Camp, 21.992 °S, 113.908 °E (AMS C.377284, 2). 238 m, North West Shelf, ca 230 ml W Roebuck Bay, 18.500 °S, 118.050 °E (AMS C.402676, 1). Remarks. Geiger & Jansen (2004) noted that there was no consistent difference in the eastern and western specimens of A. australis and Anatoma “SWA” of Jansen (1999). Recent re–examination of the material showed the above indicated subtle differences. Anatoma munieri (Fischer, 1862): Figure 20 Scissurella munieri Fischer October 1, 1862: 390–391, not illustrated. Scissurella munieri: Munier Chalmas 1865: 397. Scissurella munieri: Fischer 1867: 305, 468, pl,. 9, fig. 4 [The figure caption on plate 9 for figure 4 reads Scissurella munieriana, an error noted on the errata page 468 of the volume]. Scissurella munieri: Paetel 1888: 289. Scissurella munieri: Pilsbry 1890: 54. Scissurella munieri: Thiele 1912: 14 –15. scissurellid: Bandel 1991: pl. 2, fig. 7. Scissurella munieri: Higo & Goto 1993: 15. Scissurella ? munieri: Geiger 2003: 77. Synonyms + Anatomus turbinatus A. Adams November, 1862: 347–348, not illustrated. Type material. Holotype (BMNH 1874.5. 19.62. Higo et al. 2001: G 82), 2.5 mm. Type locality. Minosima, [= Mishima Island, Hagi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan (34.767 °N, 131.166 E): see also Kawamoto and Tanabe (1956)] 63 fms. [= 115 m] (OD). Etymology. Turbinatus: Latin adjective: that which whirls; whirlwind, tornado; spinning top; spiral. Referring to the high spired shell shape. Scissurella turbinata: Crosse 1863: 109. Scissurella turbinata: Paetel 1888: 289. Anatomus turbinatus: Pilsbry 1890: 59. Scissurella turbinata: Pilsbry 1895: 106. Scissurella turbinata: Thiele 1912: 15, pl. 2, figs. 9–10 [after a specimen in the British Museum: type?]. Schizotrochus turbinatus: Habe 1951: 68, pl. 11, figs. 12–13. Scissurella turbinata: Kuroda & Habe 1952: 85. Scissurella (Schizotrochus) turbinata: Kawamoto & Tanabe 1956: 3, pl. 2, fig. 11 [copy figure Thiele 1912. fide T. Sasaki pers. comm. 2005]. Anatoma turbinata: Habe & Kosuge, 1964: 4. Anatoma turbinata: Higo 1973: 13. Anatoma turbinata: Tsuchida et al. 1991: 5 –6, pl. 1, figs. 2 –3, 5. Anatoma turbinata: Higo & Goto 1993: 15. Anatoma turbinata: Yu &Feng 1996: pl. 1,figs. 1–4. Anatoma turbinata: Okutani & Hasegawa 2000: 37, fig. 5. Anatoma turbinata: Higo et al. 2001: G 82 [holotype]. Anatoma turbinata: Geiger 2003: 74. Anatoma turbinata: Geiger & Jansen 2004 a: 18 –21. figs. 9 –10, 18 [map]. Anatoma turbinata: Geiger 2004: textfig. p. 5. Misidentifications Anatoma agulhasensis: Bandel 1998: 34 –35, pl. 11, figs. 4–6. [is A. munieri]. Anatoma agulhasensis: Jansen 1999: 48,figs. 1–3. [is A. munieri]. not Scissurella turbinata: Yokoyama (1924: 35–36, pl. 5, fig. 21) [is Sci. staminea. Fide Oyama 1973: 10. plate reprinted in Taki & Oyama 1954: pl. 42: shows Sci. staminea. Specimen in UMUT CM 21891 fide T. Sasaki pers. comm. 2005). Type material. Syntypes (MNHN, 2), 1.5 x 1.66 mm. Lectotype here designated (see remarks). Type locality. Seas of China, in bottom sands (OD). Etymology. Named after E. Munier Chalmas (OD). Description and differential diagnosis. The species was recently treated by Geiger & Jansen (2004 a) as A. turbinata. Remarks. Anatoma munieri and A. turbinata are clearly synonymous. Supporting characters include the overall turreted shape of the shell, the strong constriction below the selenizone with a subsequent spiral edge, a minor spiral edge on the base 0.66 towards the umbilicus, the shell ornamentation showing a regular reticulate pattern composed of spiral and axial cord, and the open umbilicus, which slopes continuously with the base. Anatoma munieri has only one month priority over A. turbinata. The date on the first page of the issue in which Sci. munieri was described, agrees with the publication dates given by Winckworth (1936). Although the latter species name is somewhat better known, the general rule of priority should be enforced in this case. It is not possible to apply the nomen oblitum/protectum rules, because munieri has been used as a valid species after 1900. FischerPiette (1950: 69) indicated there to be a holotype and one paratype. The holotype was not specifically designated in the original description, hence, the two specimens constitute syntypes. The subsequent holotype indication can not be viewed as a lectotype designation (ICZN Art. 74.5). The specimen shown in Figure 20 A is here designated as the lectotype with the express purpose of taxon stabilization in case other nonconspecific syntypes should be located. Bandel (1991) showed an unidentified “scissurellid”, which is here identified as A. munieri. Bandel (1998: 42) referred in his discussion of Hainella pulchella (= A. pulchella: see Geiger, 2003 for discussion of generic taxa) to an illustration in his 1991 publication that illustrated the species with a specimen from Cebu. There was no specific reference to pagination, plate or figure number, and three Bandel (1991) references were used, but only one dealing with specimens from the Philippines: Bandel (1991) of this contribution. Although A. pulchella is very distinct from A. munieri, it is likely that the reference by Bandel (1998) was a lapsus calami.Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L., 2006, Eight new species of Scissurellidae and Anatomidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from around the world, with discussion of two new senior synonyms, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 1128 on pages 24-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27335
Frontier Encounters - Indigenous Communities and Settlers in Asia and Latin America
No full textPoverty and the maldistribution of land in core areas of developing countries, together with state schemes for the colonization of unruly frontiers, have forced indigenous peoples and settlers into an uneasy co-existence. Presenting material from various Asian and Latin American countries, Frontier Encounters examines factors that make for conflict and accommodation, studies the role of policy frames, and looks at promising mitigation strategies. The range of topics covered by the articles includes the texture of everyday-relations at the settlement frontier and the reconfiguration of ethnic hierarchies in tune with changing conquest cycles; settler land and resource use strategies; anti-settler riots and their politics; peace accords and what they can and cannot achieve as instruments for halting migration-induced violence; communal land titles as a promising avenue for conflict prevention and the empowerment of weak and defenseless groups; and the need for balancing indigenous rights advocacy with support and legal protection for disenfranchised parts of the settler population.
Danilo Geiger has an M. A. in social anthropology from the University of Zürich, Switzerland and is a lecturer in political anthropology. His experience includes fieldwork in the Philippines and Indonesia and he is currently coordinating a four-year comparative research project on conflicts between indigenous communities and settlers in South and Southeast Asia
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Veterans Administration office manager Joe F. Geiger congratulates Dr. Hector P. Garcia and explains current challenges (correspondence)
No full textJoe F. Geiger, manager of the Corpus Christi Veterans Administration office, congratulates Dr. Hector P. Garcia on his election as President of the American G.I. Forum and thanks him for his complimentary remarks about the Corpus Christi V.A. office. Mr. Geiger also explains the office's current policies and the challenges they face, particularly related to decreased funding and staff
FIGURE 1. A–B. Carenzia golikovi Geiger, 2017. A. 5180 m, Abyssal plain W in The Family Seguenziidae Verrill, 1884 in the Northeast Pacific, including a comment on excessive numbers of taxonomic data portals
No full textFIGURE 1. A–B. Carenzia golikovi Geiger, 2017. A. 5180 m, Abyssal plain W of Oregon, S of Gulf of Alaska, Alaska (approximately 45° N, 153.8° W) (LACM 3317, holotype), 5.3 mm. B. 5100 m, Aleutian Trench, Alaska [near western end of chain], (52° 12'N, 175° 44'E) (LACM 3318, paratype). C. Carenzia inermis Quinn, 1983. 2820 m, Cascadia Abyssal Plain, off Oregon (LACM 1806, holotype), 6.8 mm. D. Asthelys careyi Geiger, 2017. 5180 m, abyssal plain W of Oregon, S of Gulf of Alaska, Alaska (approximately 45° N, 153.8' W) (LACM 3320, holotype), 7.0 mm. E–F. Oligomeria conoidea Galkin & Golikov, 1985. E. 166 m, S of Attu Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska (LACM 1997-163.7), 5.9 mm. F. 219 m, NE of Semisopochnoi Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska (LACM Station 86-330), 4.7 mm.Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L., 2019, The Family Seguenziidae Verrill, 1884 in the Northeast Pacific, including a comment on excessive numbers of taxonomic data portals, pp. 61-69 in Zoosymposia 13 on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zoosymposia.13.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/355848
Manganesepta McLean & Geiger 1998
No full textGenus <i>Manganesepta</i> McLean & Geiger, 1998 <p> <b>Type species.</b> <i>M. hessleri</i> McLean & Geiger, 1998 (OD)</p>Published as part of <i>Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. & Cunha, Carlo M., 2014, Taxonomical study on the mollusks collected in Marion-Dufresne (MD 55) and other expeditions to SE Brazil: the Fissurellidae (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda), pp. 437-468 in Zootaxa 3835 (4)</i> on page 456, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3835.4.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/249622">http://zenodo.org/record/249622</a>
Scissurella maraisorum Geiger 2006
No full textScissurella maraisorum Geiger, 2006 Scissurella maraisorum Geiger, 2006: 10, figs 7, 8. Geiger, 2012: 232, figs 130–132. Type loc.: Aliwal Shoal, KwaZulu-Natal, 20 m (30.250 °S: 30.817 °E); holotype in NMSA (W 3498 /T 1616). Distribution. Central KwaZulu-Natal (off Scottburgh) to Pondoland (off Mbotyi) (Geiger 2012); 20–100 m (no data for living specimens).Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2015, An annotated catalogue and bibliography of the taxonomy, synonymy and distribution of the Recent Vetigastropoda of South Africa (Mollusca), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 4049 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4049.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/24536
Sinezona macleani Geiger, 2006, new species
No full textSinezona macleani new species: Figures 12–13 Type material. Holotype: USNM 289748. Paratypes (USNM 276829, 2), from type locality. Paratype 820–863 m, Fiji, 17.300 °S, 179.550 °W (MNHN, 1: Fig. 13 A). Paratypes 675–680 m, New Caledonia, 23.167 °S, 167.167 °E (MNHN, 2: Figs. 13 B–C). Paratype 1000 m, off Curtis Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand, 30.467 °S, 178.622 °W (NMNZ M257059, 1). Type locality. 534 m, Station 5584, Sibuko Bay, off Si Amil Island, Borneo, Indonesia [3.773 °N, 118.364 °E]. Etymology. Named for James H. McLean, my graduate co–advisor, mentor, and friend. Description. Shell medium size (holotype 2.3 mm wide), depressed trochiform, inflated. Protoconch of 0.75 whorls, flocculant sculpture (eroded in holotype), no apertural varix, apertural margin straight. Teleoconch I of 1.75 whorls, 27 distinct axial cords on first whorl, spiral threads equispaced, increasing in number with growth, approximately 10 on shoulder at onset of selenizone. Teleoconch II of 0.66 whorls. Shoulder irregularly convex, axials of similar density as on teleoconch I, slightly increasing in strength with growth, spirals increasing somewhat in strength, always weaker than axials, forming minute tubercles at intersection with axials, most prominent near apertural margin. Base inflated, axials of similar strength and density as on shoulder, axials becoming weaker towards umbilicus, some terminating before reaching umbilicus. Umbilicus open, wide, bordered by sharp lamella, walls smooth. Selenizone above periphery, keels of moderate height and strength, foramen elongateteardropshaped. Aperture subquadratic, with indentation in lower corner of parietal wall, roof overhanging; past indentations visible inside umbilicus. Differential diagnosis. Surprisingly, there are very few described Sinezona species from the IndoMalayan Archipelago. Sinezona globosa from the Western Pacific is more globular in general outline, lacks the periumbilical lamella and the adumbilical indentation of the aperture, and has a protoconch with spiral lines and a wellformed apertural varix. Sinezona plicata (Hedley, 1899), widely distributed in the IndoPacific, has strong axial folds and a welldeveloped apertural varix on the protoconch. Sinezona ferriezi (Crosse, 1867), described from New Caledonia, of similar size (to 2.1 mm) and widely distributed in the IndoMalayan Archipelago has an almost flat shoulder, more raised axial cords, a rounded aperture in the basaladumbilical portion, a protoconch with an apertural varix, and a teleoconch I of slightly more than one whorl. Sinezona modesta (A. Adams, 1862), described from Japan, has never been illustrated, and there are no type specimens in the BMNH (Thiele, 1912; Geiger, pers. obs. II. 2003). It is described as being very depressed and similar in shape to a Stomatella. The only very depressed form in Scissurellidae is Depressizona exorum Geiger, 2003 from Easter Island, which is rather calyptraeiform than stomatelliform. Sinezona concinna (Sowerby I, 1831) [not Anatomus concinnus A. Adams, 1862], of unknown provenance, has markedly decreasing strength of the axials towards the aperture, whereas in Sin. macleani the axials are rather increasing in strength towards the aperture. The identity of Sin. concinna is uncertain. The species was introduced as a nomen et figura and has not been mentioned in the literature since. Given that the first scissurellid was described only in 1824 by d’Orbigny (Scissurella costata), it is very likely that Sin. concinna was also an European species. The rather well executed drawing agrees well with the European Sin. cingulata (O. G. Costa, 1861). Particularly the number, strength, and spacing of the axials, decreasing in strength close to the aperture, and the very fine spirals are clearly shown in Sowerbys illustration. Given the rather uncertain status of this synonymy, I prefer to treat Sin. concinna as a nomen dubium; a case for a nomen oblitum/ protectum cannot be made as the synonymy with Sin. cingulata is at best circumstantial, though Sin. cingulata has been used as a valid species at least 25 times by 10 different authors in the preceeding 10–50 years. Distribution. IndoMalayan archipelago to western Pacific, 25–1600 m. Specimen records. 25–30 m, Santal Bay, Lifou, New Caledonia, 20.820 °S, 167.173 °E (MNHN, 1). 425–430 m, Southern, New Caledonia, 22.283 °S, 167.233 °E (MNHN, 1). 775 m, New Caledonia, 23.000 °S, 167.483 °E (MNHN, 1; MNHN, 1). 770– 830 m, Loyality Ridge, New Caledonia, 24.733 °S, 170.133 °E (MNHN, 2). 440 m, New Caledonia, 22.783 °S, 167.233 °E (MNHN, 14). 825–830 m, New Caledonia, 23.050 °S, 167.533 °E (MNHN, 1). 675–680 m, New Caledonia, 23.167 °S, 167.167 °E (MNHN, 1). 1575–1600 m, New Caledonia, 20.783 °S, 55.633 °E (MNHN, 1: complete). 441–443 m, S. of Viti Levu, Fiji, 18.320 °S, 177.862 °E (MNHN, 1). Remarks. The holotype was chosen as the specimen showing a fully mature shell, with well formed umbilical and apertural features, while the protoconch is eroded. The MNHN and NMNZ paratypes (Fig. 13) have the flocculant protoconch sculpture, while also showing the periumbilical lamella as well as a hint of the adumbilical indentation, both unique features in Scissurellidae.Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L., 2006, Eight new species of Scissurellidae and Anatomidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from around the world, with discussion of two new senior synonyms, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 1128 on pages 16-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27335
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