1,721,100 research outputs found
Penentuan Bilangan Yodium Dan Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas Pada Produk Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO) dengan Menggunakan Metode Titrasi Asam-Basa pada PT. Perkebunan Nusantara II Pagar Merbau Lubuk Pakam
Full text linkResearch on the determination of iodine number and free fatty acid content of Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO) at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara II Merbau-Lubuk Pakam. The method used for iodine number was iodometric titration using wijs solution and starch solution indicator. Whereas for the determination of free fatty acid levels is acid-base titration using the phenolphthalein indicator. The results obtained show that the iodine number in CPKO is 23.73 G 12/100 G, while the free fatty acid content in CPKO is 1.69%. The iodine number of CPKO complies with the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs, which is 20-27 G 12/100 G. The free fatty acid content contained in CPKO complies, namely ≥1.5%. (PERMENDAGRI 54 of 2015).39 HalamanKertas Karya Diplom
Synthesis and Characterization of Thermoplastic Composites Based Of Lignin Grafted Polystyrene Using The Atomic Transfer Radical Polymerization Method
No full textThis research examines the synthesis process and characterization of lignin-based thermoplastic composites grafted with polystyrene. This research was carried out to combine the two properties of lignin and polystyrene through chemical modification using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Lignin was isolated from empty oil palm fruit bunches (TKKS) with the Kraft method using H2SO4 5N. After the lig-nin was isolated, an acidification process was carried out using 2N HCl. Synthesis of the lignin-Br macroinitiator was carried out by reacting lignin with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide at 0°C for 15 minutes continued with stirring at room tem-perature for 24 hours. Synthesis of lignin-g-polystyrene was carried out using a CuBr/PMDETA catalyst at a temperature of 100°C for 24 hours. The resulting lignin, lignin-Br and L-g-PS were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA and DSC. The FTIR results show that polystyrene has been grafted with lignin where there are wavenumber shifts in several functional groups which is supported by the FTIR spectrum at peaks 3059 and 3026 cm-1 which correspond to the stretching vibrations of the C-H groups on the benzene ring. Peaks at wavenumbers of 746 and 696 cm-1 indicate the presence of a single substituted aromatic core associated with polystyrene chains that have been grafted into lignin. SEM results show that the ATRP reaction has been successfully carried out with changes in morphology on the surface of L-g-PS which is more homogeneous and has a large surface. TGA results show that L-g-PS has a large change in thermal degradation temperature at temperatures between 293-437°C and its thermal stability tends to be stable at temperatures above 437°C and the residual weight of L-g-PS is 0.2%. The DSC results show that there has been a change in the Tg value where L-g-PS have Tg value of 142.78°C.77 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Sintesis Hidrogel dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dengan Aditif Natrium Karboksimetil Selulosa dan Asam Sitrat sebagai Kandidat Superabsorben
No full textCellulose-based hydrogels have been of great interest to researchers in superabsorbent applications. In this case the hydrogel is formed using cellulose derivatives such as hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC). Hydrogels based on HEC and Na-CMC in this study were crosslinked using citric acid in various concentrations of 1%; 1.5%; 2%; 2.5% and 3% w/v. OPEFB cellulose in the form of cellulose nanofibers (NFC) produced was first converted with NaOH:urea solution (7:12 %w/v) under cold conditions (-8 to -13oC) to form HEC. The filtrate was then added with Na-CMC and crosslinked using citric acid to form a hydrogel. The interaction between NFC/NaCMC and citric acid in the hydrogel was observed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The shape of the hydrogel surface was observed with SEM and then continued with tests of water absorption, water retention, gel fraction and swelling. The results of the FT-IR analysis showed that the absorption peak area of 2350-1900 cm-1 indicated the appearance of a broad peak in the spectrum after the addition of citric acid. Numbers in this range indicate the presence of a C=O group from the carboxylic acid which indicates the occurrence of cross-linking interactions in the hydrogel. The results of SEM analysis show that the surface shape after adding citric acid as a crosslinking agent appears to form a coarser structure with more random pores. This shows that the formation of cross-links between the 3% NFC/Na-CMC/citric acid mixture which in the presence of more pore structures allows that the absorption will occur more broadly. This is evidenced by the water absorption test which shows the percent value that has increased by 424.57% at the highest increase in citric acid concentration of 3% and followed by the percent swelling value of 112,90%, water retention of 84,80% and gel fraction of 92,58%. The results of this study indicate that the addition of citric acid concentration is directly proportional to the increase in the percent value of water absorption, swelling and water retention which is appropriate and can be used as a superabsorbent candidateHidrogel berbasis selulosa dalam penerapan sebagai superabsorben telah disintesis. Hidrogel dibentuk menggunakan turunan selulosa seperti hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) dan sodium-carboximethyl cellulose (Na-CMC). Hidrogel berbasis HEC dan Na-CMC pada penelitian ini diikat silang menggunakan asam sitrat dengan variasi konsentrasi 1%;1,5%;2%;2,5% dan 3% w/v. Selulosa TKKS dalam bentuk nanoserat selulosa (NFC) yang dihasilkan dikonversi terlebih dahulu dengan larutan NaOH:urea (7:12 %w/v) dalam kondisi dingin (-8 sampai -13oC) membentuk HEC. Filtrat kemudian ditambahkan Na-CMC dan diikat silang menggunakan asam sitrat untuk membentuk hidrogel. Interaksi antara NFC/NaCMC dengan asam sitrat pada hidrogel diamati dengan spektroskopi FT-IR. Bentuk permukaan hidrogel diamati dengan SEM lalu dilanjutkan dengan uji daya serap air, retensi air, fraksi gel dan swelling. Hasil analisa FT-IR menunjukkan daerah puncak serapan 2350-1900 cm-1 menunjukkan adanya kemunculan puncak lebar pada spektrum setelah penambahan asam sitrat. Bilangan pada rentang tersebut menunjukkan adanya gugus C=O dari asam karboksilat yang menunjukkan terjadinya interaksi ikat silang pada hidrogel. Dari hasil analisa SEM menunjukkan bentuk permukaan sampel setelah ditambahkan asam sitrat sebagai agen ikat silang terlihat membentuk struktur lebih kasar dengan pori yang lebih banyak dan acak. Hal ini menujukkan bahwa terbentuknya ikat silang antara campuran NFC/Na-CMC/asam sitrat 3% yang dengan adannya struktur pori lebih banyak memungkinkan bahwa penyerapan yang akan terjadi lebih luas. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan uji daya serap air yang menunjukkan persen nilai yang mengalami peningkatan sebesar 424,57 pada peningkatan konsentrasi asam sitrat tertinggi yakni 3% dan dilanjutkan dengan persen nilai swelling 112,90%, retensi air 84,8047% dan fraksi gel sebesar 92,58%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan asam sitrat berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan persen nilai daya serap air, swelling dan retensi air yang sesuai dan dapat dijadikan sebagai kandidat superabsorben.70 halamanSkripsi Sarjan
Evaluation of Cellulose Acetate/Carbon Dots Composites as a Drug Release Material
No full textComposite materials of cellulose acetate with Carbon Dots (CDs) offer significant potential as efficient drug delivery systems. This study evaluates cellulose acetate/CDs (CA/CDs) composites as drug release materials by synthesizing CDs from the leaves of the Moses-in-the-cradle plant (Rhoeo discolor) using a hydrothermal method. The synthesis aims to utilize the potential of plants rich in phenolic compounds as a precursor for CDs. In this study, the compatibility of CDs with blood and the release rate of CDs from the CA/CDs composite were tested. The synthesis method involves the preparation of Rhoeo discolor leaf into powder, followed by autoclaving and filtration to produce CDs. The CA/CDs composite was then prepared by mixing CDs with cellulose acetate and was characterized for its physical and chemical properties, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, HR-TEM, FTIR, hemolytic tests, and release tests in water. The results indicated that CDs could be successfully formed from Rhoeo discolor leaves as precursors, were compatible with blood, and demonstrated an increased release rate with prolonged immersion time. This study provides new insights for the development of CA/CDs-based drug delivery systems, potentially enhancing the effectiveness of drug therapy through more controlled delivery methods.67 pagesSkripsi Sarjan
Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Carbon Dots dari Daun Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill) Melalui Metode Solvotermal
No full textThe avocado leaf is one of the waste components whose utilization is still
limited. Synthesis of carbon dots from avocado leaves with urea dopant using the
solvothermal method has been carried out. The purpose of this study was to
determine the optical properties, structure, and morphology of carbon dots without
dopants and the addition of dopants with variations of 0.06; 0.12; 0.18 m/v%. A total
of 50 ml of leaf extract was put into an autoclave, then depicted at 200oC for 12
hours. The same procedure was carried out by adding urea as a dopant to the
avocado leaf extract. Then the separation was carried out using centrifugation at a
speed of 5500 rpm for 40 minutes. The results of the synthesis of carbon dots were
analyzed using a 365nm UV lamp to produce a bluish green glow. The results of FTIR
analysis on NCDs and CDs showed the presence of O-H, C=C, C=O, and C-O-C
groups. However, only CDs has a C-H group on its surface structure. The UV-Vis
analysis without and in the presence of urea dopants was carried out at a wavelength
of 200-800 nm and on CDs with the addition of 0.12% urea dopants, the wavelength
was 335 nm with the highest intensity. The results of the PL analysis without and
with the addition of dopant did not show a significant shift where the excitation was
395 nm and the emission was 493-496 nm, respectively. For QY analysis, 10% of
CDs without passivation agent was obtained and the addition of passivation agent
was 12%, 29% and 13%. In the HR-TEM analysis using only a sample with a
passivation agent of 0.12%, the average diameter is 3.8083 nm. In the Raman
analysis, it was found that the D band in the 1000-1200 cm-1 wave and the G band in
the 1500 cm-1 band, where the value of the D band is greater than the G band due to
the high level of sample defects.82 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Penyediaan Pembalut Luka Diabetes Berbasis Selulosa Bakteri dengan Impregnasi Nanoenkapsulasi Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) Kurkumin (Curcuma longa) Sebagai Antiinflamasi dan Antibakteri
No full textDiabetes mellitus is a chronic disease and usually causes wounds caused by infection due to high blood glucose levels, making it a strategic place for the growth of germs. Wounds in diabetics can be treated early to prevent further complications by using wound dressings that can control fluid from the wound and have antibacterial properties. Bacterial cellulose was modified by carrying out an impregnation process with the addition of nanoencapsulated andaliman and curcumin to increase the ability as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. The SB impregnation process was carried out by varying the ratio of andaliman curcumin with a ratio of 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4. This research is focused on making andaliman nano-encapsulated wound dressings for diabetes mellitus wounds with curcumin variations in nano-encapsulation. The results of the Pasrticle Size Analyzer test showed that the size of the Andaliman curcumin nanoencapsulation was 0.03603 μm and an average of 0.02159 μm, which is good for drug delivery processes. The results of SEM and FTIR analysis showed that the results of SB impregnation with the addition of andaliman curcumin nanoencapsulation went well. Based on the results of FTIR analysis obtained 3 absorbance bands 1690 cm-1, 2914 cm-1 and 3347 cm-1. This functional group is also read on the spectrum at a ratio of SB 1:0 to SB 1:4. The appearance of the image in the SEM analysis shows that the surface of the SB fiber looks uneven and the clumps bound to the SB pores are increasing at SB 1:1 to 1:4. Based on the results of XRD analysis with the addition of andaliman curcumin nanoencapsulation to SB, it showed successful ex-situ impregnation, namely the presence of 2 peaks at 11° and 22°. The results of the antibacterial test at SB 1:4 showed the highest results with an inhibition zone diameter of 12.3 mm in Staphylococcus aureus and 7 mm in Escherichia coli. The water content and porosity of the andaliman-curcumin nanoencapsulated SB decreased but were still able to fulfill its use as a wound dressing. Another aspect that supports it can be used as a wound dressing material, namely the results of testing for diabetic wound closure at SB 1:4 showed a maximum result of 78.89% on the 17th day.88 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Penentuan Kadar Air dan Kadar Kotoran pada Sampel Kernel produksi di PT. PP London Sumatera Indonesia, TBK
No full textResearch has been carried out to determine the moisture content and impurity content of production kernel samples at PT. PP London Sumatra Indonesia, TBK. In determining the level of impurities, it begins with weighing the sample and separating the sample between the shell, whole seeds, and broken seeds, and a round core. Then, each sample is weighed and calculated the % of each sample and its impurity content. In determining the moisture content, it begins with smoothing the sample and weighing the empty saucer. Then, put the mashed sample into the saucer. Then, it is cooled, weighed, and calculated % of the moisture content. In accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 01-0002-1987 on palm kernels, the quality standard value of palm kernels for impurity content < 6% and water content < 8%. From the measurement results, calculations were then carried out on the sample for the first day to the third day, so that results were obtained for determining the impurity content, namely 5,9% for the first day, 5,7% for the second day, and 6,0% for the third day, and for the determination of water content, which was 6,08% for the first day, 6,73% for the second day, and 6,28% for the third day. Thus, the (kernel) has met the quality standard requirements for impurity content and water content.46 HalamanKertas Karya Diplom
Studi Sintesis dan Karakteristik Film Tipis ZnO dengan Metode Sol-Gel Spin Coating
No full text.
ZnO thin films have been successfully synthesized by using sol-gel Spin coating and mixing processes with reflux technique. Materials used Zinc acetate dehydrate {Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O} as the base material, isopropanol as a solvent and diethanolamine (DEA) as stabilizer. Zinc acetate dehydrate {Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O} dissolved by isopropanol solvent with the concentration variation of 0,6 M; 0,7 M; and 0,8 M then stabilized with diethanolamine (DEA). The molar ratio between the DEA and ZnAc is 1:1. ZnO thin films manufacturing is done over a glass substrate by spin coating with speed rotation variation 3000 rpm, 4000 rpm, and 5000 rpm, rotation for 30 seconds. Calcination was done by varying the pre-heating temperature 2500C, 3000C, and 3500C then in post-heating temperature with variaus 5000C, 5500C and 6000C. The result of ZnO thin films with XRD was found showed that all the crystal structures are wurtzite hexagonal with the biggest crystal size for the concentration of 0,8 M, spin speed is 5000 rpm, pre-heating temperature is 3500C and post-heating temperature is 6000C each of 34,1 nm, 34,1 nm, 35,3 nm and 40,2 nm. The results of SEM and AFM characterization showed the morphology of ZnO thin film shaped spherical granules and almost uniformly with the smallest surface roughness 32,104 nm. The result of ZnO thin film characterization with UV-Vis shows the highest transmittance values for concentration is 0,7 M; rotation speed is 4000 rpm; pre-heating temperature is 2500C and post-heating temperature is 6000C each of 59,0%; 48,1%; 57,1% and 52,0%. The highest absorbance values for concentration is 0,6 M; rotation speed is 3000 rpm; pre-heating temperature is 2500C and post-heating temperature is 6000C each of 1,301, 1,188, 1,157 and 1,224. The smallest values of the energy band gap is 0,8 M; rotation speed is 5000 rpm; pre-heating temperature 2500C and post heating temperature is 5500C each of 3,13 eV, 3,10 eV, 3,12 eV, and 3,09 eV.Film tipis ZnO telah berhasil disintesis dengan metode sol-gel spin coating dan proses pencampuran dengan teknik refluks. Bahan yang digunakan Zinc acetat dehydrate {Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O} sebagai material dasar, isopropanol sebagai pelarut dan diethanolamine (DEA) sebagai penstabil. Zinc acetat dehydrate Zn(CH3COOH)2 2H2O dilarutkan oleh pelarut isopropanol dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,6 M, 0,7 M dan 0,8 M lalu distabilkan dengan diethanolamine (DEA). Perbandingan molar antara DEA dan ZnAc adalah 1:1. Pembuatan film tipis ZnO dilakukan diatas substrat kaca dengan teknik spin coating dengan variasi kecepatan putaran 3000 rpm, 4000 rpm dan 5000 rpm, diputar selama 30 detik. Kalsinasi dilakukan dengan variasi suhu pre-heating 250oC, 300oC dan 350oC kemudian di post-heating dengan variasi suhu 500oC, 550oC dan 600oC. Hasil karakterisasi film tipis ZnO dengan XRD menunjukkan semua struktur kristal berbentuk wurtzite hexagonal dengan ukuran kristal paling besar untuk konsentrasi 0,8 M, kecepatan putaran 5000 rpm, suhu pre-heating 350oC dan suhu post-heating 600oC masing-masing adalah 34,1 nm, 34,1 nm, 35,3 nm dan 40,2 nm. Hasil karakterisasi SEM dan AFM menunjukkan morfologi film tipis ZnO berbentuk butiran-butiran bulat dan hampir seragam dengan kekasaran permukaan yang paling kecil 32,104 nm. Hasil karakterisasi film tipis ZnO dengan UV-Vis menunjukkan nilai transmitansi tertinggi untuk konsentrasi 0,7 M; kecepatan putaran 4000 rpm, suhu pre-heating 250oC dan post-heating 600oC masing-masing adalah 50,1 %, 59,0 %, 48,1 %, 57,1 % dan 52,0 %. Nilai absorbansi tertinggi untuk konsentrasi 0,6 M; kecepatan putaran 3000 rpm, suhu pre-heating 250oC dan suhu post-heating 600oC masing-masing adalah 1,301; 1,188; 1,157 dan 1,224. Nilai celah pita energi yang paling kecil untuk konsentrasi 0,8 M; kecepatan putaran 5000 rpm, suhu pre-heating 250oC dan post-heating 550oC masing-masing adalah 3,13 eV, 3,10 eV, 3,12 eV dan 3,09 eV.120 HalamanDisertasi Dokto
Pengaruh ClO2 Strenght terhadap Brighness Pulp di Menara Khlorin Dioksida pada Unit Bleaching Plant di PT Toba Pulp Lestari, Tbk Porsea
No full textEffect of ClO2 strenght to pulp brightness in tower of chlorine dioxide at unit of
bleaching plant is whitening of first phase, begining from brown pulp become to turn
white with usage ClO2 flow 1 and 2 in liter per minute with consistency of pulp equal
5%. Result of obtained solution that effect of ClO2 strenght for gift which not
uniform, value (rate) progressively increase will have an effect on to make-up of
number degree of brightness pulp. In determination of line equation of regresi
obtained relation of Y = 6.5 + 0.001(60) at brightness 42.4o based on ISO. At uniform
gift, value (rate) do not increase (constant), but make-up of number degree of
brightness pulp progressively mount. In equation of line of regresi obtained by
relation of Y = 7 + 0(60) at brightness 47.6o based on ISO. Attainment of number
degree of brightness which is not optimal will effect the amount of usage of chlorine
dioxide in phase here in after to reach brightness according of International Standart
of Organization (ISO).53 HalamanKertas Karya Diplom
Analisis Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas Secara Titrasi Alkalimetri dan Kadar Air secara Gravimetri pada CPO di PTPN II Pagar Merbau
No full textA study on the analysis of free fatty acid levels by alkalimetric titration and gravimetric water content on CPO in Crude oil tanks, January 16, 2023-February 17, 2023. The results of this study obtained an average free fatty acid content in CPO in Crude oil. tank is 4.08% and the average moisture content is 0.18%. This shows that the free fatty acid content and water content in CPO in Crude oil tanks have met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) at PTPN II Pagar Merbau47 HalamanKertas Karya Diplom
- …
