1,720,979 research outputs found
Il riconoscimento del volto parzialmente occluso alla nascita: quantità e salienza dell'informazione occlusa.
No full textThe aim of the present paper is to study newborn’s ability to recognise partly occluded faces. Particularly, this study was aimed to test whether recognition of partly occluded faces
is more affected by the amount of the occlusion or by the salience of the occluded elements.
Two experiments were carried out using the habituation technique. The results demonstrate that recognition of partly occluded faces is present at birth only when some irrelevant information are hidden (Experiment 1), but not when salient information are occluded (Experiment 2)
L'emergere della categorizzazione di genere: il ruolo della preferenza per il genere femminile
Full text linkThis study examined whether 3-month-oldinfants possess the abilities to match bimodal information specifying gender and how this ability is affected by the spontaneous visual preference for female gender (i.e. DeCasper e Prescott, 1983; Quinn et al., 2002). Results support the existence of a visual preference for female gender (Experiment 1). Moreover, results show that at 3-month a female face is preferred to a male face when they are matched to a female voice (Experiment 2), and that this preference disappears when a female and a male faces are matched with a male voice (Experiment 3). Altogether the finding suggest that the gender-appropriate bimodal preference for female depends largely on visual information
Newborns' perception of Left-Right SpatialRelation
No full textFive experiments examined 79 newborns’ ability to discriminate and categorize a spatial relation, defined by
the left–right spatial position of a blinking object-target with respect to a vertical landmark-bar. Three-day-old
infants discriminated the up versus low position of an object located on the same side of the landmark-bar
(Experiment 1) and recognized a basic left–right spatial invariance of the object-target and the landmark-bar
in conditions of low (Experiment 2) and high (Experiment 3) perceptual variability of the object’s positions.
Additional evidence ruled out the possibility that newborns were unable to discriminate the within-category
left–right spatial positions of the object-target (Experiment 4) or made a categorical distinction based on spatial
distance rather than on categorical spatial relations of left of and right of (Experiment 5)
Strumenti per la valutazione del neonato
No full textIn questo capitolo verranno descritte le caratteristiche principali delle scale neurocomportamentali utilizzate per la valutazione del comportamento neonatale. Particolare rilievo sarà dato alla Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS) che, tra le scale neurocompartamentali, è quella più comprensiva e utilizzata almeno in ambito psicologico. Dopo avere delineato gli assunti teorici di base che caratterizzano la NBAS e la pecularità che la somministrazione di questa scala richiede, verranno presentati i principali ambiti applicativi nei quali la NBAS viene utilizzata, ovvero quello sperimentale e quello clinico. Si cercherà infine di spiegare i possibili fattori che determinano un importante limite della NBAS, ovvero il suo scarso potere predittivo, e perché la valutazione del decremento e del recupero dell’attenzione garantisca un più alto valore predittivo del successivo sviluppo
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Discrimination and Ordinal Judgments of Temporal Durations at 3 Months
No full textThis study presents the first evidence that 3-month-old infants success in a timing matching task and in an ordinal timing task, when numerical information are controlled. Three- month-old infants discriminated a brief temporal durations that differ by a 1:3 ratio, relying solely on temporal information. Moreover, at 3 months of age infants were able to discriminate between a monotonic and a non-monotonic time-based series, when numerical and temporal information are inconsistent .These findings strength the hypothesis that a magnitude representational system for temporal quantities is operating very early in the ontogenetic development
Number versus extent in newborns’ spontaneous preference for collections of dots
No full textThe study investigated processing of number and extent in few-day-old infants. Using the visual preference technique, we showed that newborns were capable to discriminate between small sets of dot collections relying solely on implicit numerical information, when non-numerical continuous variables were strictly controlled (Experiment 1), or solely on continuous information, when numerical variables were controlled (Experiment 2). When number and extent were pitted one against the other (Experiment 3), newborns did not manifest any visual preference, suggesting that the two variables played a comparable role in attracting newborn's visual attention. In contrast to reports of dominance of continuous variables, these findings suggest that multiple dimensions can attract newborns’ attention and guide newborns’ visual exploration
Modificazioni delle funzioni cognitive nell’invecchiamento
No full textL’allungamento della vita media, accompagnato alle trasformazioni verificatesi nel panorama demografico internazionale, ha visto a partire dagli anni ’50 del secolo scorso il fiorire di numerose ricerche sui cambiamenti
cognitivi che caratterizzano l’avanzare dell’età (Borella e De Beni, 2011). Questo interesse per l’invecchiamento cognitivo è stato favorito non solo dalla necessità di ampliare le conoscenze teoriche in merito ma anche dall’urgenza sociale associata al progressivo invecchiamento della popolazione
(Istat, 2012). Tra i tanti studi, quelli che si sono rifatti all’approccio psicometrico (basato su test) hanno messo in evidenza come lo sviluppo, inteso nel suo senso più ampio, sia definibile non tanto come un declino ineluttabile e pervasivo di tutte le funzioni cognitive, ma piuttosto come un fenomeno multidirezionale e multidimensionale, caratterizzato sia da perdite che da guadagni (Baltes, 1987). È proprio con l’obiettivo di evidenziare come in ogni fase della vita e dello sviluppo mentale vi siano nuove e continue acquisizioni – anche se
inevitabilmente accompagnate da un maggior numero di perdite con l’avanzare dell’età – che nel presente capitolo si andrà a descrivere come le diverse funzioni cognitive si modificano nell’arco di vita. L’invecchiamento
verrà pertanto presentato come un fenomeno eterogeneo, caratterizzato
da un’elevata variabilità interindividuale (De Beni, 2009). Diversamente da
quanto inscritto nella tradizione psicometrica, si presterà, inoltre, particolare
attenzione ai meccanismi alla base delle diverse modificazioni cognitive
legate all’avanzare dell’età
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