95,074 research outputs found
Compte rendu de Stürner (M.), Gascon Inchausti (F.), Caponi (R.) (eds) New Trends In Access To Justice Under EU Directive 2013/11
No full textStürner (M.), Gascon Inchausti (F.), Caponi (R.) (eds). – New Trends In Access To Justice Under EU Directive 2013/11." – Munich : Sellier, 2014. – 178 p. – ISBN : 978386653289
Agricultural Policy, Crop Failure and the 'Ruriganiza' Famine (1989) in Southern Rwanda: a Prelude to Genocide ?
No full textThe paper analyses the agricultural policy of the Habyarimana regime, which ruled Rwanda from 1973 to 1994. Econometric analysis of rural household survey data is used to investigate the effects of the 1989 crop failure in southern Rwanda on children’s health status. The paper shows that children in southern Rwanda are chronically malnourished, more then in other prefectures of Rwanda. It is shown that the 1989 crop failure developed into famine and the causes of this development are investigated. It turns out that the Habyarimana regime did not respond to early warnings of famine conditions and pretend it did not know what was going on. The relationship between this non-response to famine, agricultural policy in general and the 1994 genocide is demonstrated.agriculture, famine, survey research, Rwanda
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Stigma and increased prestige: The change f>h in Castilian and Gascon seen from the perspective of historical sociolinguistics and variational linguistics
No full textIn this article, I revisit the problem of the origin of a certain language change phenomenon, i.e. [f]- > [h]- in Castilian and Gascon, by contrasting structural (internal) factors with social (external) ones. In the course of my argumentation, I also address the advantages of a theory that combines internal and external factors (Tuten 2003), finally reaffirming, however, the decisive role played by social factors
[Newspaper Clipping: Author Claims Evidence of Second JFK Assassin #1]
No full textNewspaper article titled "Author Claims Evidence of Second JFK Assassin." The article states that author Richard J. Whalen concluded "that there is circumstantial evidence to support the theory of a second assassin in the shooting of President John F. Kennedy.
Metal-Organic Frameworks for solar energy utilization
No full textThe research strategy followed in this work was inspired by natural photosynthesis that, for simplicity, can be divided into three principal steps: (i) efficient light absorption at wavelengths abundant in the solar light; (ii) long-lived charge separation achieved by funnelling of the photogenerated electrons away from the light-absorbing antenna; (iii) chemical reaction taking place at the specific catalytic sites. The idea of the present research was to mimic the key-principles of photosynthesis and implement them in Metal-Organic Frameworks. The first principle is covered in Chapter 4 where the light absorption properties of a Ti-based framework were synthetically tuned as to allow for lowering the excitation energy and sensitizing the MOF to a larger fraction of the solar spectrum. Chapters 2 and 3 investigate the photoexcitation processes in MOFs with the aim of prolonging the lifetime of photoexcited states similarly to (ii). Finally, in Chapter 5 additional catalytic sites (iii) were introduced in NH2-MIL-125(Ti) improving the catalytic activity by one order of magnitude. Chapter 1 introduces Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as potential photocatalysts and their characteristics. At first, general synthetic strategies of improving photocatalytic activity are discussed and a brief historical overview of the TiO2-based catalysts development is given followed by recent advances in the field. Further, the pioneering examples of using MOFs as photocatalysts are reviewed. The development of MOF-based photocatalysts is compared against more common photocatalysts such as TiO2. Some of the strategies such as sensitization towards a desired wavelength and introduction of additional catalytic sites are similar in both cases. At the same time MOFs are characterized by the microporous and well-defined structure, excellent tuneability and the lack of photoconductivity. All these aspects have strong implications for the synthetic strategies of the catalyst development. In this chapter three different roles of MOFs are discussed: a) MOFs as mere containers for photocatalytically active species; b) MOFs as photocatalysts both absorbing light and carrying out catalytic reactions; c) MOF-based composites where the frameworks are multifunctional, they absorb light and carry additional catalytic sites. Chapter 2. Here fundamentals of photoexcitation in NH2-MIL-125(Ti) are investigated with the help of ultrafast spectroscopy. MIL-125(Ti)-type frameworks are known to undergo ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) yielding Ti3+ and the positively charged organic-defined counterparts. UV-pump Visible-probe spectroscopy has shown that the excited states of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) possess a substantially longer lifetime as compared to the amine-free analogous MOF, MIL-125(Ti). Moreover, the difference in spectral signatures of the excited MIL-125(Ti) and NH2-MIL-125(Ti) was documented and associated to the difference in the organic-defined positively charged holes. The assignment of the transient spectral features of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) was carried out with the help of spectroelectrochemistry. Vis-pump IR-probe spectroscopy demonstrated that the photogenerated holes within NH2-MIL-125(Ti) are likely localized on the NH2-group of aminoterephthalates as the N-H stretch vibrations are heavily involved in the photoexcitation process. Kinetics of the photogenerated charge carriers in different solvents is described: in contrast to what was expected we found that the lifetimes of the excited states do not change depending on the solvent polarity. Chapter 3. In this chapter the role of d0 metal ion constituting frameworks of NH2-MIL-125 and NH2-UiO-66 is unravelled. In their works Walsh et al. have shown for the case of the MIL-125(Ti) series MOFs that the highest occupied crystal orbital (HOCO) is localized at the organic linker whereas the lowest unoccupied crystal orbital (LUCO) localizes at the inorganic secondary building unit (SBU), titanium oxocluster. Thus the HOCO-LUCO optical gap can be tuned by introducing various substituents into the aromatic system of the linker for the cost of modifying the oxidative power of the resulting photocatalyst. In this chapter the target reaction was hydrogen evolution. In this case, the reductive power of a photocatalyst is of crucial importance. The main hypothesis was that by changing the metal in the same group from Ti to Zr or Hf one should be able to tune this reductive power for the frameworks bearing the same organic linker and a similar topology. However, this is only true if LMCT operates in all MOFs considered. With the help of DFT it was found that the LUCO of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) is localized at the titanium oxocluster whereas the ones of NH2-UiO-66(Zr/Hf) are localized at the organic linker. The same conclusion was confirmed by EPR. This LMCT of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) possesses a substantially longer lifetime compared to the purely organic-based transitions found in the UiOs as revealed by transient absorption spectroscopy. This in turn results in a superior performance in photocatalytic H2 evolution in the case of Ti-based MOF. The positive role of structural defects in H2 evolution catalysed by the UiOs, although modest, was also documented. Chapter 4 introduces a framework with an extended conjugated aromatic system of the linker derived from NH2-MIL-125(Ti). The NH2-containing parent MOF was post-functionalized with dye-like molecular fragments resembling a well-known organic dye, methyl red. This was done by following a traditional synthetic pathway of obtaining organic dyes through the diazotization reaction. At the first stage the NH2-groups of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) react with nitrosonium ions, NO+, generated in situ by the HCl/NaNO2 pair while the second step is the reaction of the obtained N?N+-MIL-125(Ti) with diethylaniline. The resulting MOF absorbs a larger fraction of visible light extending to ca. 620 nm and thus has a superior performance in photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Furthermore, the photoconductance of MIL-125(Ti) was assessed by time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC). The experiments revealed that the material demonstrates very low levels of photoconductance that are temperature dependent. This type of behaviour is characteristic of the temperature-activated hopping as a type of charge carrier transport and is in contrast to the conductance of semiconductors that hardly changes with temperature. Based on these results it was recovered that MIL-125(Ti) and possibly many other MOFs should not be seen as true semiconductors but rather as arrays of coordination complexes arranged in a crystalline lattice. Chapter 5 illustrates an example of Active Site Engineering in Metal-Organic Frameworks. A well-known electrocatalyst, cobaloxime was encapsulated within the cavities of NH2-MIL-125(Ti). The direct sorption of the molecular complex into the pores of MOF did not proceed likely due to the size-selectivity of the pore windows. Therefore, a two-step synthetic strategy was developed where at the first stage the pores of the MOF were loaded with a flexible organic ligand while at the second CoBr2 was added under oxidative conditions. The organic ligand complexates with cobalt ions in the pores of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) forming a cobaloxime bearing Co(III) encapsulated the pores. The chapter contains an extensive characterization of the obtained composite and a discussion of possible differences between the molecular cobaloxime in solution vs. the one encapsulated in the MOF. The obtained Co@MOF catalyst evolves hydrogen at a rate 20 times greater than the one of the bare MOF. The external quantum efficiency for the composite was found to be 0.5%. This is a rather modest number if compared against the state of the art semiconductor-based systems. However, it should be emphasized that this catalyst outperforms the majority of reported MOF-based photocatalysts as explained in Chapter 5. Moreover, the composite purely consists of abundant elements (Ti, Co, C, O, N, Br, H) and, from that perspective, fulfils the global scale up requirements. Cobaloximes typically act as excellent catalytic sites yet they are not able to undergo charge separation upon illumination and require an external source of electrons. The electrons can be supplied by electrodes as well as by excited organic dye molecules. In this work with the help of EPR it was found that the MOF acts as a photosensitizer absorbing photons and injecting electrons in the cobalt complex. At the same time no Ti3+ was detected in irradiated Co@MOF composite in contrast to what was found in the bare NH2-MIL-125(Ti). Instead, cobalt reduction from Co3+ to Co2+ was detected. This suggests that the electron injection from the photoexcited MOF is fast while the resting state of the Co@MOF composite is Co(II). However, the turn-over frequency of the composite is still rather moderate and a more detailed investigation of the mechanism is needed to rationalize this performance. This is an elegant example of a multifunctional catalytic system for photocatalytic generation of hydrogen by water splitting, based on the abundant element Co.Chemical EngineeringApplied Science
Also By The Same Author: AKTiveAuthor, a Citation Graph Approach to Name Disambiguation
No full textThe desire for definitive data and the semantic web drive for inference over heterogeneous data sources requires co-reference resolution to be performed on those data. In particular, name disambiguation is required to allow accurate publication lists, citation counts and impact measures to be determined. This paper describes a graph-based approach to author disambiguation on large-scale citation networks. Using self-citation, co-authorship and document source analyses, AKTiveAuthor clusters papers, achieving precision of 0.997 and recall of 0.818 over a test group of eight surname clusters
Aminoterephthalate Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications
No full textChemEApplied Science
John F. Kennedy telegram to Roosevelt
No full textJersey Homesteads (later the Borough of Roosevelt) was established in the 1930s as an agro-industrial cooperative community. It was established specifically for urban Jewish garment workers, many of whom had emigrated from Europe. President John F. Kennedy sent a telegram to the citizens of Roosevelt, New Jersey, apologizing for not being able to attend the memorial dedication in honor of former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. (Jersey Homesteads became Roosevelt in 1945 in honor of the president.) President Kennedy expressed his gratitude to the people of Roosevelt for constructing the memorial, and commented that it will serve as a constant reminder of Roosevelt's good works
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