6,539 research outputs found
LC compensators for power factor correction of nonlinear loads
No full textThis material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Brunel University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. Copyright @ 2004 IEEEA method is presented for finding the optimum fixed LC compensator for power factor correction of nonlinear loads where both source voltage and load current harmonics are present. The LC combination is selected because pure capacitive capacitors alone would not sufficiently correct the power factor. Optimization minimizes the transmission loss, maximizes the power factor, and maximizes the efficiency. The performance of the obtained compensator is discussed by means of numerical examples
LC compensators based on transmission loss minimization for nonlinear loads
No full textThis material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Brunel University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. Copyright @ 2004 IEEEThis paper presents a method employing the penalty function search algorithm to determine the LC compensator value for the optimal power factor correction in nonsinusoidal systems. The objective of the proposed method is to minimize the transmission loss while the power factor and efficiency are taken as constraints and utilized in order to solve the multiobjective optimization problem by transforming it into a single objective one. Examples show that the load nonlinearity can have a significant impact on optimal compensator sizes
Apex Peptide Elution Chain Selection: A New Strategy for Selecting Precursors in 2D-LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF Experiments on Complex Biological Samples
No full textLC-MALDI provides an often overlooked opportunity to exploit the separation between LC-MS and MS/MS stages of a 2D-LC-MS-based proteomics experiment, that is, by making a smarter selection for precursor fragmentation. Apex Peptide Elution Chain Selection (APECS) is a simple and powerful method for intensity-based peptide selection in a complex sample separated by 2D-LC, using a MALDI-TOF/TOF instrument. It removes the peptide redundancy present in the adjacent first-dimension (typically strong cation exchange, SCX) fractions by constructing peptide elution profiles that link the precursor ions of the same peptide across SCX fractions. Subsequently, the precursor ion most likely to fragment successfully in a given profile is selected for fragmentation analysis, selecting on precursor intensity and absence of adjacent ions that may cofragment. To make the method independent of experiment-specific tolerance criteria, we introduce the concept of the branching factor, which measures the likelihood of false clustering of precursor ions based on past experiments. By validation with a complex proteome sample of Arabidopsis thaliana, APECS identified an equivalent number of peptides as a conventional data-dependent acquisition method but with a 35% smaller work load. Consequently, reduced sample depletion allowed further selection of lower signal-to-noise ratio precursor ions, leading to a larger number of identified unique peptides.
Practical considerations regarding power factor for nonlinear loads
No full textThis material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Brunel University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. Copyright @ 2004 IEEEThe choice of LC compensator may be constrained by the availability of manufacturers units. To account for this, the capacitor values are chosen from among standard values and for each value the transmission losses is minimized, or power factor is maximized, or transmission efficiency is maximized. The global minimum or maximum is obtained by scanning all local minims or maxims. The performance of the obtained compensator is discussed by means of numerical examples
Data Treatment for LC-MS Untargeted Analysis
No full textLiquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) untargeted experiments require complex bioinformatic strategies to extract information from the experimental data. Here we discuss the "data preprocessing," the set of procedures performed on the raw data to produce a data matrix which will be the starting point for the subsequent statistical analysis. Data preprocessing is a crucial step on the path to knowledge extraction, which should be carefully controlled and optimized in order to maximize the output of any untargeted metabolomics investigation
Cost-effective applications of power factor correction for nonlinear loads
No full textThis material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Brunel University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. Copyright @ 2005 IEEEThe objective of this paper is to propose a new approach for designing passive LC compensators by using the penalty function method as an optimization tool. The performance of the cost-effective passive LC compensator for a constant load depends on the appropriate inductor and capacitor selection. Several design methods are reviewed and a novel design methodology is proposed in this paper. By using the proposed method, the designer can quickly find appropriate parameter values to meet the desired circuit performance. Simulated results show that an appropriate combination of the inductor and capacitor selected by the proposed method can meet the desired power-quality requirement. Different cases of design examples are shown in this paper to verify the performance of the proposed design methodology
Configuration, optimization and evaluation of a novel instrumental platform for automated SPE-LC-MS/MS analysis of drugs in whole blood
No full textThe thesis describes the configuration, optimization and evaluation of a novel instrumental platform for fully automated SPE-LC-MS/MS analysis of small molecules, such as drugs, in whole blood.
The immunosuppressant Cyclosporine A was chosen as a model analyte, as this drug is predominantly bound to erythrocytes.
First, anticoagulated blood is converted into so-called Cell-Disintegrated Blood (CDB) by heat-shock or cryogenic treatment. CDB represents a homogenous blood sample and consists of subcellular particles which do not sediment on standing and do not clog capillaries, sieves or HPLC column packings.
For in-line treatment of anticoagulated whole blood, i.e. generation of CDB, a sample mixing unit, two special liquid handling units and two home-made sample processing modules were embedded into a XYZ-autosampler.
The module for heat-shock treatment consists of a stainless-steel capillary jacketed with a heating sleeve. Under optimal conditions for sampling and in-line processing of 20 µL of whole blood, it takes 13 seconds at 75 °C to generate CDB. The latter is stored in a holding loop before further treatment.
For cryogenic treatment of a blood sample, a stainless-steel processing needle with a large inner diameter was installed in one of the liquid handling units. The autosampler was programmed to introduce the processing needle containing the blood sample (40 µL) into a stand-pipe, which is located in a thermo-flask filled with liquid nitrogen. The processing needle therefore contacts liquid nitrogen and the blood sample is snap-frozen. Optimal conditions were found to be 10 seconds for snap-freezing at -196 °C and 60 seconds for thawing at room temperature.
A CDB sample obtained either by heat-shock or cryogenic treatment is further processed by being pumped via a switching-valve through an in-line filter to retain cell nuclei and “cell debris”. It was found that a depth filter packed with spherical hydrophilic silica is optimal. This filter allows at least 200 analysis cycles before it has to be replaced.
Next, the CDB sample is pumped on-line via another switching-valve through a SPE column (50 x 0.5 mm ID) at a high flow rate. Due to the special packing material and the very small inner diameter, a high linear flow velocity is achieved and turbulent flow is generated. By this, high-molecular matrix components such as proteins are eluted in the void volume to waste. The low-molecular weight target analyte Cyclosporine A and the Internal Standard Cyclosporine D are retained and extracted by reversed phase partitioning chromatography (RPC).
After fractionation of CDB on the SPE column, the analyte and the IS are transferred to a series-connected analytical column and separated from residual matrix components by RPC. Finally, the analyte is detected by a tandem mass spectrometer applying electrospray ionization (ESI) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM).
The optimized method has a total analysis time of less than 11 minutes. The analytical procedure and the instrumental platform were validated for heat-shock treated blood samples with respect to linearity, range (10 - 1000 ng/mL), lower limit of quantitation (10 ng/mL), intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision, as well as matrix-independent and matrix-dependent recovery (around 100 %). It was shown that the electrospray induced ionization is suppressed by approximately 25 %. These matrix effects, however, can be totally compensated for by the addition of an Internal Standard, i.e. Cyclosporine D.
A comparison with a semi-automated SPE-LC-MS/MS method, established in the Institute, revealed a very good agreement. This was shown by Passing and Bablok plots.
The robustness of the fully automated SPE-LC-MS/MS analysis platform was monitored during 500 consecutive analysis cycles with heat-shock treated blood samples. The relative standard deviation for the signal response was 15.6 % for Cyclosporine A and 15.2 % for Cyclosporine D. The back pressure of the total system rose only by 52 bar.
These findings show that, despite its instrumental and chromatographic complexity, the described analysis platform fulfills the prerequisites to be used in routine clinical-chemical analysis.Die Doktorarbeit beschreibt die Konfiguration, Optimierung und Evaluierung einer neuartigen instrumentellen Plattform für die vollständig automatisierte SPE-LC-MS/MS Analyse von kleinen Molekülen, wie beispielsweise Arzneistoffe, im Vollblut.
Das Immunsuppressivum Cyclosporin A wurde als Modellanalyt gewählt, da dieser Arzneistoff vorwiegend an Erythrozyten gebunden ist.
Zunächst wird antikoaguliertes Blut durch eine Hitze- oder Kälteschock Behandlung in sogenanntes Zell-desintegriertes Blut (Cell-Disintegrated Blood, CDB) überführt. CDB stellt eine homogene Blutprobe dar und besteht aus subzellulären Partikel, die beim Stehen nicht sedimentieren und keine Kapillaren, Siebe und HPLC- Packungsmaterialien verstopfen.
Für die in-line Behandlung von antikoagulierten Vollblut, d.h. für die Herstellung von CDB, wurde ein Gerät zum Mischen der Probe, zwei spezielle Bauteile für die Handhabung von Flüssigkeiten und zwei selbst-gebaute Module für die Probenprozessierung in einen XYZ-Probengeber eingebaut.
Das Modul für die Hitze-Schock Behandlung besteht aus einer Edelstahlkapillare, die mit einer Heizmanschette ummantelt ist. Unter optimalen Bedingungen für die Probenahme und in-line Prozessierung von 20 µL Vollblut werden 13 Sekunden und 75 °C benötigt um CDB herzustellen. Letzteres wird vor einer weiteren Behandlung in einer Rückhalteschleife gelagert.
Für die Tieftemperatur Behandlung einer Blutprobe wurde eine weitlumige Edelstahlnadel zur Prozessierung in eines der Bauteile für die Handhabung von Flüssigkeiten eingebaut. Der Probengeber wurde so programmiert, dass die Nadel, welche die Blutprobe (40 µL) enthält, in ein Steigrohr, welches sich in einem mit flüssigem Stickstoff gefüllten Isolierbehälter befindet, eingeführt wird.
Hierdurch wird die Nadel mit flüssigem Stickstoff kontaktiert und die Blutprobe schockgefroren. Als optimale Bedingungen wurden 10 Sekunden für das Schockgefrieren bei -196 °C und 60 Sekunden für das Auftauen bei Raumtemperatur gefunden.
Eine CDB Probe, die entweder durch Hitze- oder Kälteschock-Behandlung gewonnen wurde, wird weiter prozessiert, indem sie über ein Schaltventil durch einen in-line Filter gepumpt wird, um Zellkerne und „Zellbruchstücke“ zurückzuhalten. Es stellte sich heraus, dass ein Tiefenfilter, der mit sphärischem hydrophilem Kieselgel gepackt ist, optimal ist. Dieser Filter ermöglicht mindestens 200 Analysen-Zyklen bevor er ausgetauscht werden muss.
In einem weiteren Schritt wird die CDB Probe on-line über ein weiteres Schaltventil mit einer hohen Flussrate durch eine SPE Säule (50 x 0.5 mm ID) gepumpt. Aufgrund des speziellen Packungsmaterials und dem sehr kleinen Innendurchmesser wird eine hohe lineare Flussgeschwindigkeit erreicht und eine turbulente Strömung erzeugt. Hierdurch werden hochmolekulare Matrixkomponenten wie beispielsweise Proteine im Totvolumen in den Abfall eluiert. Niedermolekulare Zielanalyte wie Cyclosporin A und der interne Standard Cyclosporin D werden über Umkehrphasen- Verteilungschromatographie (RPC) reteniert und extrahiert.
Nach der Fraktionierung von CDB auf der SPE Säule, wird der Analyt und der interne Standard auf eine in Serie geschaltete analytische Säule überführt und von restlichen Matrixbestandteilen über RPC abgetrennt. Zum Schluss wird der Analyt in einem Tandem-Massenspektrometer über eine Elektrospray Ionisation (ESI) und Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) detektiert.
Die optimierte Methode weist eine Gesamtanalysezeit von weniger als 11 Minuten auf.
Das Analysenverfahren und die instrumentelle Plattform wurden für Hitzeschock behandelte Blutproben hinsichtlich Linearität, Messbereich (10 – 1000 ng/mL), unterer Bestimmungsgrenze (10 ng/mL), Richtigkeit und Präzision innerhalb eines Tages und von Tag zu Tag, sowie Matrix-unabhängiger und Matrix-abhängiger Wiederfindung (um 100 %) validiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die über Elektrospray induzierte Ionisation um ca. 25 % unterdrückt wird. Diese Matrixeffekte können jedoch durch Zugabe des internen Standards Cyclosporin D vollständig kompensiert werden.
Ein Vergleich mit einer teilautomatisierten SPE-LC-MS/MS Routinemethode, die im Institut etabliert ist, ergab eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung. Dies konnte anhand von Passing und Bablok Plots aufgezeigt werden.
Die Robustheit der vollständig automatisierten SPE-LC-MS/MS Analysenplattform wurde während 500 aufeinander folgenden Analysezyklen mit Hitzeschock behandelten Blutproben überprüft. Die relative Standardabweichung für das MS-signal betrug 15.6 % für Cyclosporin A und 15.2 % für Cyclosporin D. Der Rückdruck des gesamten Systems stieg nur um 52 bar an.
Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass – trotz der instrumentellen und chromatographischen Komplexität – die beschriebene Analysenplattform die Anforderungen, die in der klinisch-chemischen Routineanalytik gestellt werden, erfüllt
A 155W −95.6 dB THD+N GaN-based Class-D Audio Amplifier With LC Filter Nonlinearity Compensation
No full textSilicon MOSFETs-based medium-power (< 50W) Class-D amplifiers (CDAs) switching in the MHz range have gained popularity in recent years, which achieves better linearity thanks to a higher loop gain in the audio band while enabling the use of LC filters with higher cut-off frequencies. However, for high-power (>100 W) CDAs, such switching frequency and high load current could lead to significant power loss. Furthermore, in the presence of a large current and voltage applied to the load, the linearity of the system can quickly degrade due to LC filter component voltage/current dependency. Without any LC filter nonlinearity compensation technique, LC components with high voltage/current rating must be used to reach high system linearity, which are often expensive and bulky. This paper presents a CDA using a GaN-based output stage to achieve high switching frequency and good efficiency simultaneously, and an integrated controller implemented in a 180nm CMOS technology to compensate for the LC filter nonlinearity. Switching at 1.8 MHz, the CDA can deliver a maximum of 155W from a 50V supply into a load with a peak efficiency of 91.7%. It achieves a peak THD+N of −95.6 dB (0.0017%) while allowing the use of cheaper and smaller nonlinear LC components.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Electronic Components, Technology and MaterialsMicroelectronic
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