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FIGURE 5 in A review of the genus Pupopsis Gredler, 1898 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae), with the descriptions of eight new species from China
No full textFIGURE 5. Schematic representations of the genitalia in some Pupopsis species. The relative lengths showed here are based on the actual ratios for each species, except those of vas deferens and the lengths of the zigzaged parts (corresponding to looped parts). A, Pupopsis pupopsis (Gredler, 1898); B, Pupopsis retrodens (Martens, 1879); C, Pupopsis hendan sp. nov.; D, Pupopsis subpupopsis sp. nov.; E, Pupopsis yengiawat sp. nov.; F, Pupopsis yuxu sp. nov.Published as part of Wu, Min & Gao, Linhui, 2010, A review of the genus Pupopsis Gredler, 1898 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae), with the descriptions of eight new species from China, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 2725 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19998
Pupopsis paraplesia Sturany 1900
No full text2. Pupopsis paraplesia Sturany, 1900 Fig. 1 B; Table 2 Pupopsis paraplesia Sturany, 1900: 36, pl. 2, figs. 22–24. Buliminus (Pupopsis) paraplesius— Möllendorff, 1901: 375; Kobelt, 1902: 875, pl. 108, figs. 5, 6. Type material. Whereabouts of the type material unknown. Type locality. Shy-pa (rocks of the left bank of the river Pei-shui-kiang in the Tsin-ling mountains, in the neighbourhood of the village Shy-pa, South Gansu), Gansu. Material examined. None. Distribution. Gansu (only known from the type locality, currently unrecognized). Description of shell (after Sturany 1900: 36, pl. 2, figs. 22–24). Shell barrel-shaped, of light-brown colour; with eight whorls which are little convex, separated by a distinct suture and, except for the embryonic whorls, delicately striated. The circular or oval aperture has a thick, broad margin, a callus on the parietal wall and an angular tubercle on the latter which is separated from the outer wall by a narrow, short channel. The dentition consists of a tubercular, deeply recessed fold on the parietal wall, a strong, medially situated palatal fold which can be traced as a light-coloured line on the outside through the entire body whorl, and a strong columellar fold. Umbilicus a narrow perforation covered by the reflected columellar margin. Height 10.5–10.7, diam. maj. 4.5–4.7.Published as part of Wu, Min & Gao, Linhui, 2010, A review of the genus Pupopsis Gredler, 1898 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae), with the descriptions of eight new species from China, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 2725 on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19998
Pupopsis maoxian Wu & Gao, 2010, sp. nov.
No full text8. Pupopsis maoxian sp. nov. Figs. 1, 3 F, 8 E; Table 2 Type material. Holotype: HBUMM-01023–specimen 1 (fms); 5 km from Fengyi Town on the road to Wenchuan County, 1574 m a.s.l., 31 ° 39 ʹ 35.4 ʹ N, 103 ° 48 ʹ 48.7 ʹ E, Maoxian County, NW Sichuan, China, 2004 –X– 11, leg. M. Wu. Paratypes: HBUMM-01023–specimen 2 (fms), same data as holotype; HBUMM-01794–specimen 1 (broken fms), Hongqi Hill (ca. 2 km south of the town of Maoxian), Maoxian County, NW Sichuan, China, 2004 –IX, leg. M. Wu. Type locality. 5 km from Fengyi Town on the road to Wenchuan County, Maoxian County, NW Sichuan. Material examined. Type material. Distribution. Sichuan (Maoxian County). Etymology. The new species is named after the county name “ Maoxian.” The epithet is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Shell with 8.125 whorls. Height 8.8–8.9, diam. maj. 2.2–3.4. Parietal tooth absent. Columellar tooth prominent and expanded inward. Palatal wall with a ridge-like tooth. Shell. Fusiform; apex not acuminate; dextral; thin-shelled; solid; semitranslucent; glossy; with 8.125 – 8.125 – 8.125 whorls. Whorls never spirally grooved; convex. Embryonic shell smooth; polished; with 1.500–1.563 – 1.625 whorls. Postnuclear whorls wrinkled. Suture simple. Last whorl gradually ascending toward aperture; rounded at periphery. Shell 8.8 – 8.8–8.9 high; 2.2–2.8 – 3.4 in diam. maj. Height/diam. maj. ratio 2.64–3.36 – 4.08. Aperture ovate; slightly oblique; its insertions separated; 1.8–2.3 – 2.8 high, 2.0– 2.1 – 2.1 wide. Ratio of shell height to aperture height 3.17–3.97 – 4.77. Peristome expanded; sharp. Palatal margin rounded. Palatal tooth present, ridgelike, extending approximately 1.25 whorls inward. Parietal callus indistinct; with angular tubercle. Parietal tooth absent. Columellar margin reflexed; with one prominent tooth which is expanded inward. Umbilicus a narrow slit. Shell uniformly light brownish-white; aperture white. Remarks. This new species is grouped into the genus Pupopsis because of its typical apertural armature. The unique shell contour with a pointed apex and a narrowed body whorl, and the combination of the absence of a parietal tooth and the presence of both palatal, ridge-like tooth and columellar tooth set P. m a o x i a n apart from all other species in the genus. This new species lives in a habitat charaterised by seasonal change of aridity and wetness. The detailed environmental characters are almost the same as described in Wu et al. (2003) for Cathaica (Pliocathaica) radiata Pilsbry, 1934.Published as part of Wu, Min & Gao, Linhui, 2010, A review of the genus Pupopsis Gredler, 1898 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae), with the descriptions of eight new species from China, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 2725 on page 17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19998
Pupopsis rhodostoma Wu & Gao, 2010, sp. nov.
No full text9. Pupopsis rhodostoma sp. nov. Figs. 1, 3 G, 8 F– 8 G; Table 2 Type material. Holotype: HBUMM-05872–specimen 2 (fms), mountain about 30 km south of Narat, 2212 m a.s.l., 43 ° 11 ʹ 47.7 ʹ N, 84 ° 20 ʹ 48.8 ʹ E, Xinyuan County, Xinjiang, China, 2002 –VI– 5, leg. A. Kanatbaytegi. Paratype: HBUMM-05872–specimen 1 (fms), collection data as same as for holotype. Type locality. mountain about 30 km south of Narat, Xinyuan County, Xinjiang. Material examined. Type material. Distribution. Xinjiang (only known from the type locality). Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from “rhodo,” meaning reddish, and “stoma,” meaning aperture. The epithet is to be treated as a latin adjective, feminine in gender combined with Pupopsis. Diagnosis. Shell with 5.750–6.125 whorls. Height 7.4 –8.0, diam. maj. 3.7–3.9. Parietal tooth weakly developed. Columella with one blunt tooth, not expanded inward. Palatal tooth absent. Shell. Ovate; apex not acuminate; dextral; thick-shelled; solid; opaque; glossy; with 5.750–5.938 – 6.125 whorls. Whorls never spirally grooved; convex. Embryonic shell smooth; not polished; with 1.625 – 1.625 – 1.625 whorls. Postnuclear whorls wrinkled. Suture simple. Last whorl gradually ascending toward aperture; rounded at periphery. Shell 7.4–7.7 –8.0 high; 3.7–3.8 – 3.9 in diam. maj. Height/diam. maj. ratio 2.02–2.04 – 2.05. Aperture subcircular; slightly oblique; its insertions separated; 2.8–2.9 –3.0 high, 2.6–2.7 – 2.8 wide. Ratio of shell height to aperture height 2.65 – 2.65 – 2.65. Peristome slightly expanded; more or less thickened. Palatal margin rounded. Palatal tooth absent. Parietal callus indistinct; without angular tubercle. Parietal tooth weakly developed. Columellar margin reflexed; with one blunt tooth which is not expanded inwards. Umbilicus narrowly open. Shell, including upper whorls, uniformly reddish-brown; aperture reddish-white. Remarks. The new species is closest to Pupopsis subtorquilla sp. nov. found in Gansu, but differs from the latter species in the much weaker parietal tooth, the absence of a palatal tooth, a very simple columellar tooth which is not expanded inward, distinctly fewer whorls and a much slenderer shell.Published as part of Wu, Min & Gao, Linhui, 2010, A review of the genus Pupopsis Gredler, 1898 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae), with the descriptions of eight new species from China, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 2725 on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19998
Pupopsis polystrepta Sturany 1900
No full text3. <i>Pupopsis polystrepta</i> Sturany, 1900 <p>Fig. 1 C; Table 2</p> <p> <i>Pupopsis polystrepta</i> Sturany, 1900: 36, pl. 2, figs. 7–9.</p> <p> <i>Buliminus</i> (<i>Pupopsis</i>) <i>polystreptus—</i> Möllendorff, 1901: 375; Kobelt, 1902: 876, pl. 108, figs. 7, 8.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Whereabouts of the type material unknown.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Shy-pa (rocks of the left bank of the river Pei-shui-kiang in the Tsin-ling mountains, in the neighbourhood of the village Shy-pa, South Gansu), Gansu</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> None.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Gansu (only known from the type locality, currently unrecognized).</p> <p> <b>Description of shell</b> (after Sturany 1900: 36, pl. 2, figs. 7–9). Shell yellowish-white, barrel-shaped, with 9 whorls which are, except for the embryonic whorls, finely striated. Aperture ear-shaped, with a broad margin and thick lip. Insertions connected by a parietal callus with an angular tubercle on the right, which is separated from the right margin by a small channel. Right below the angular tubercle is a thick palatal fold reaching inward. There is a thick, horizontal columellar fold and a heavy palatal fold which can be traced as a white line on the outside through the body whorl. The umbilicus is a perforation over which the columellar margin is expanded in a distance of about 1 mm. Height 8, diam. maj. 3.5.</p>Published as part of <i>Wu, Min & Gao, Linhui, 2010, A review of the genus Pupopsis Gredler, 1898 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae), with the descriptions of eight new species from China, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 2725</i> on pages 5-6, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/199982">10.5281/zenodo.199982</a>
Pupopsis yengiawat Wu & Gao, 2010, sp. nov.
No full text12. Pupopsis yengiawat sp. nov. Figs. 1, 3 J, 5 E, 11 D– 11 E, 12; Tables 2, 3 Type material. Holotype: HBUMM-04439–specimen 1 (fma); Yengiawat, 41 ° 24 ʹ N, 79 ° 24 ʹE, Xinjiang, China, 2005 –VI– 30, leg. A. Kanatbaytegi. Paratypes: HBUMM -04439–specimens 2–8 (7 fms), collection data same as holotype. Type locality. Yengiawat, Xinjiang Material examined. Type material. Distribution. Xinjiang (only known from the type locality). Etymology. The new species is named after the type locality “ Yengiawat.” The epithet is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Shell with 6.125–6.750 whorls. Height 8.0– 9.4, diam. maj. 4.1–4.7. Parietal tooth distinct, indistinct or absent. Columellar tooth absent. No tooth on palatal wall. Epiphallus straight. Flagellum absent. Penial caecum absent. Penis distally with one V-shaped pilaster. A- 2 near A- 3 internally without a ring of papillae. A- 3 opening into A- 2 without papilla. Bursa copulatrix duct proximally straight. Diverticle present. Shell. Cylindrical with conical top; apex not acuminate; dextral; thin-shelled; solid; dull; with 6.125–6.446 – 6.750 whorls. Whorls with indistinct spiral grooves; somewhat convex. Embryonic shell smooth; polished; with 1.500–1.554 – 1.625 whorls. Postnuclear whorls wrinkled. Suture simple. Last whorl gradually ascending toward aperture; rounded at periphery. Shell 8.0– 8.8–9.4 high; 4.1–4.4 – 4.7 in diam. maj. Height/diam. maj. ratio 1.90– 2.01 – 2.08. Aperture subovate; almost vertical; its insertions connected by a distinct parietal callus; with or without teeth; 3.1–3.5 – 3.9 high, 2.6–2.9 – 3.2 wide. Ratio of shell height to aperture height 2.36–2.57 – 2.72. Angular tubercle fused with aperture insertion. Parietal tooth clearly present, or a more or less distinct, low thickening, or absent. Palatal tooth absent. Palatal margin rounded. Peristome broadly and abruptly reflexed; outer edge sharp; with a strong, white callus within. Palatal wall toothless. Columellar margin reflexed; simple. Columellar tooth absent. Umbilicus narrowly open. Shell, including upper whorls, uniformly dirty white; aperture white. Genitalia. Vas deferens entering epiphallus apically. Epiphallus moderately long; cylindrical and of uniform thickness; straight. Epiphallic caecum apically blunt. Flagellum wanting (Fig. 12, arrow). Penial caecum absent. Penis with terminal entrance of epiphallus; evenly thick; thin-walled; with pilasters fused at epiphallic pore forming velum; with one V-shaped pilaster. V-shaped pilaster with proximal free end approaching at penial retractor insertion. A large papilla developed by fused distal pilasters forming V-shaped structure present. Penial appendix moderately long; divided into sections A- 1 +A- 2, A- 3 and A- 4 +A- 5. A- 1 short. A- 1 and A- 2 with evenly arranged transversal folds. A- 1 and A- 2 fused. A- 2 near A- 3 internally without a ring of papillae. A- 2 and A- 3 not fused. A- 3 opening into A- 2 without papilla. Boundary between A- 4 and A- 5 indistinct. A- 5 short; straight. Free oviduct moderately long. Bursa copulatrix duct moderately long; proximally straight. Bursa copulatrix with short duct; well defined. Diverticle longer than reservoir. Diverticle diverging from bursa duct closer to reservoir than to duct’s proximal end. Remarks. This new species is quite unique among the known Pupopsis species. It is included in this genus because its aperture is usually furnished with a weak tooth. The species has neither a columellar tooth nor a palatal tooth. Even the weak parietal tooth is not always present in the observed type specimens. The shell of the new species resembles in overall appearance the toothless genus Subzebrinus Westerlund, 1887 (sensu Schileyko 1998, = Pseudonapaeus Westerlund, 1887 sensu Bank & Neubert 1998). However, Subzebrinus has neither a flagellum nor a diverticle and shows a completely different interior penial structure.Published as part of Wu, Min & Gao, Linhui, 2010, A review of the genus Pupopsis Gredler, 1898 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae), with the descriptions of eight new species from China, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 2725 on pages 20-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19998
Pupopsis subtorquilla Wu & Gao, 2010, sp. nov.
No full text11. Pupopsis subtorquilla sp. nov. Figs. 1, 3 I, 11 A– 11 C; Table 2 Type material. Holotype: HBUMM-05429–specimen 2 (fms), Yuxushan Hill, 10 km north of town of Wenxian, site No. 0 45, 1070 m a.s.l., 32 ° 57 ʹ 35.5 ʹ N, 104 ° 40 ʹ 41.6 ʹ E, Wenxian County, S. Gansu, China, 2006 –IX– 27, leg. M. Wu, J. Liu, W. Zheng & L. Gao. Paratypes: HBUMM-05429–specimens 1, 3– 13, (12 fms), same collection data as holotype; HBUMM-05545–specimens 1–3, (3 fms), 829 m a.s.l., 32 ° 51 ʹ 44.7 ʹ N, 104 ° 50 ʹ 48.2 ʹ E, Hendan Village, along national highway no. 212, S. Gansu, China, 2006 –IX– 29, leg. M. Wu, J. Liu, W. Zheng & L. Gao; HBUMM- 0 0 349 (1 fms), Bikou, 720 m a.s.l., 32 ° 48 ʹ, 105 ° 12 ʹE, Wenxian County, Gansu, China, 2004 –IV– 18, leg. M. Wu; HBUMM-00314–specimens 1–4 (4 fms), Wenxian, Shangdanpu, 1450 m a.s.l., 33 °0ʹN, 104 ° 36 ʹE, 2004 –IV– 22, leg. M. Wu; HBUMM-00337–specimens 1–3 (3 fms), Wenxian, 2004 –IV– 7, leg. M. Wu. Type locality. Yuxushan Hill, 10 km north of Wenxian, Wenxian County, S. Gansu. Material examined. Type material. Distribution. Wenxian County, Gansu. Etymology. The new species is named for its congener, P. torquilla, to which it is taxonomically closest. The epithet is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Shell with 6.500–7.500 whorls. Height 7.0– 8.4, diam. maj. 3.5–4.5. Parietal tooth present. Columellar tooth prominent and expanded inward. Palatal tooth ridge-like. Shell. Bulbous-ovate; apex not acuminate; dextral; thick-shelled; solid; opaque; glossy; with 6.500–7.025 – 7.500 whorls. Whorls never spirally grooved; somewhat convex. Embryonic shell smooth; not polished; with 1.250–1.554 – 2.500 whorls. Postnuclear whorls wrinkled. Suture simple. Last whorl gradually ascending toward aperture; rounded at periphery. Shell 7.0– 7.8–8.4 high; 3.5 –4.0– 4.5 in diam. maj. Height/diam. maj. ratio 1.79– 1.97 – 2.30. Aperture subovate; almost vertical; its insertions separated; 2.5–2.9 – 3.4 high, 2.3–2.6 – 2.8 wide. Ratio of shell height to aperture height 2.27–2.71 – 3.16. Palatal margin rounded. Peristome expanded, sharp. Palatal tooth ridge-like, extending through nearly the entire body whorl. Parietal callus distinct. Angular tubercle and parietal tooth present. Columellar margin reflexed; with one tooth which is hardly visible in apertural view but extends inward along the columella. Umbilicus a narrow slit. Shell, including upper whorls, uniformly light corneousbrown; aperture white. Remarks. The new species is close to P. torquilla due to similar size and the development of the apertural armature. However, the shell of the new species is much more swollen, with much fewer whorls and the columellar tooth is almost invisible in apertural view.Published as part of Wu, Min & Gao, Linhui, 2010, A review of the genus Pupopsis Gredler, 1898 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae), with the descriptions of eight new species from China, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 2725 on page 20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19998
Paris polyphylla subsp. roots
No full text<i>5.9. HPLC method for detecting steroid saponins in P. polyphylla roots</i> <p>For HPLC, an aliquot of the same fresh plant root material that was used for expression analysis was freeze-dried at −50 ̊C for 8 h, and then pulverized using a ball mill. 0.5 g of the resulting powder were extracted in 10 mL of 75% ethanol, sonicated at 100 Hz for 50 min and filtered. The filtrate's solvent was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was reconstituted with 10 mL of methanol. The extracts were filtered through a 0.22 μm PTFE filter and analyzed on a 1200 HPLC system (Agilent, USA) equipped with an Eclipse Plus C-18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) at a detection wavelength of 203 nm. The injection volume was 10 μL. Water and acetonitrile were used as solvent A and B, respectively. The gradient program comprised a linear gradient from 30% to 60% B (0–40 min), followed by a linear gradient from 60% to 30% B (40–50 min). The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1 mL/min, and the column temperature was kept at 30 ̊C. Polyphyllin I, polyphyllin II, polyphyllin VI, and polyphyllin VII were used as standard compounds to create standard curves for quantification, and their retention times were 24.8, 22.0, 15.8, and 13.2 min, respectively. Three biological replicates were prepared for each sample.</p>Published as part of <i>Yin, Yan, Gao, Linhui, Zhang, Xianan & Gao, Wei, 2018, A cytochrome P 450 monooxygenase responsible for the C- 22 hydroxylation step in the Paris polyphylla steroidal saponin biosynthesis pathway, pp. 116-123 in Phytochemistry 156</i> on page 122, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.09.005, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10484444">http://zenodo.org/record/10484444</a>
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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