1,720,972 research outputs found
La perception visuelle du mouvement chez les arthropodes
No full textCampan R., Queinnec Y., Gallo Alain. La perception visuelle du mouvement chez les arthropodes. In: L'année psychologique. 1967 vol. 67, n°2. pp. 549-568
Le phénomène de la préférence pour une nourriture gratuite (ou contrafreeloading)
No full textSummary : The contrafreeloading phenomenon.
The contrafreeloading phenomenon corresponds to the following experimental situation : animals having been exposed to a certain conditioning, of operant behaviour for instance, go on pressing the lever as they have been trained to respond, even when a cup full of pellets of food has been placed in their box. The theoretical interest of this kind of study is that it apparently calls in question the validity of the law of least effort. An analysis of the experiments which have been conducted since the discovery of the phenomenon demonstrates the complexity of the variables which determine the behaviour of animals in such situations.
Key words : contrafreeloading, law of least effort, operant conditioning.Résumé
Le phénomène de la préférence pour une « nourriture gratuite » recouvre le fait expérimental suivant : des animaux, ayant subi un conditionnement skinnérien, par exemple, continuent à émettre la réponse opérante d'appui sur le levier alors même qu'on dispose dans la boîte d'expérience une coupelle remplie de boulettes de nourriture. L'intérêt théorique de ce type de travaux réside dans la remise en cause de la loi du moindre effort. L'analyse des expérimentations réalisées depuis la découverte du phénomène met en évidence la complexité des variables qui affectent le comportement des animaux dans ce type de situation.
Mots clés : préférence pour une « nourriture gratuite », loi du moindre effort, conditionnement opérant.Cuq Christian, Gallo Alain. Le phénomène de la préférence pour une nourriture gratuite (ou contrafreeloading). In: L'année psychologique. 1987 vol. 87, n°1. pp. 93-108
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
La coopération chez les primates
No full textSummary : Cooperation among non-human primates.
The behaviour of cooperative individuals appears to involve cognitive abilities specific to human beings. However, biologists have proposed mathematical models to investigate the dynamics of cooperation in an evolutionary framework ; cooperative behaviour is assumed to be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. These mathematical models calculate the costs and benefits of cooperative behaviour and predict the evolution of different behavioural strategies in animal populations. In this neo-darwinian perspective, the question of the existence of intentional cooperation in animals is not approached. From a cognitive-psychological perspective, the problem is to determine the criteria that allow us to define cooperation, to decide if cooperative behaviour exists in animais, and possibly, to explain how this behaviour is acquired. We propose a « cognitive » definition of cooperation and discuss the nature of this ability in non-human primates.
Key words : cooperation, intentionality, communication, primates.Résumé
Une activité comportementale au cours de laquelle des individus coopèrent semble impliquer des processus cognitifs hautement intégrés propres à l'être humain. Pourtant les biologistes proposent une modélisation de la dynamique de la coopération dans un cadre évolutionniste : la coopération est étudiée comme une capacité qui se transmet génétiquement de génération en génération, et des modèles calculant l'évolution de différentes stratégies comportementales au sein des populations animales sont élaborés. Dans cette perspective néo-darwinienne, sinon sociobiologique, la question de la démonstration de l'existence chez les animaux de la coopération intentionnelle n'est pas abordée. En revanche, dans le cadre d'une extension de la psychologie cognitive appliquée à l'animal, le problème est plutôt de fixer des critères permettant de définir une activité de coopération, afin de décider si elle existe chez les animaux et d'étudier éventuellement comment elle est acquise. Dans ce travail, nous proposons une définition « cognitive » de la coopération et nous discutons sa nature chez les primates non humains.
Mots-clés : coopération, communication, intentionnalité, primates.Chalmeau R., Gallo Alain. La coopération chez les primates. In: L'année psychologique. 1995 vol. 95, n°1. pp. 119-130
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Mémoire sélective en situation de conditionnement opérant chez le rat blanc
No full textSummary: Selective memory in an operant conditioning situation with white rats.
48 Wistar rats were submitted to a continuous reinforcement schedule in a Skinner box. During acquisition or re-acquisition, rats reached the same learning criterion fixed at 10 rounds trips between the lever and the food dish with manipulation of the bar. The re-acquisition phase occurred 15 days after the acquisition phase. The number of experimental sessions during acquisition or re-acquisition varied according to the animals. We analysed precisely the behaviour of rats with a descriptive grid of 34 different behavioural patterns grouped in 4 categories based on the location of the behaviour in the apparatus. The rats' behaviour was continuously video-taped. We show that the rats used a selective memory according to the location in the Skinner box and the nature of the behaviour.
Key words : operant conditioning, selective memory, rat.Résumé
Lors de deux sessions expérimentales identiques espacées de 15 jours (apprentissage-réapprentissage), 48 rats ont été soumis à un programme de renforcement continu en situation skinnerienne jusqu'à, pour chaque session, l'atteinte du même critère d'apprentissage. Le comportement des animaux a été analysé grâce à un répertoire de 34 items, regroupés en 4 classes (selon la zone du dispositif). Nous mettons en évidence l'utilisation d'une mémoire sélective selon le lieu du dispositif et le type de comportement.
Mots-clés : conditionnement opérant, mémoire sélective, rat.Duchatelle Edith, Elkhessaimi Abderrahim, Gallo Alain. Mémoire sélective en situation de conditionnement opérant chez le rat blanc. In: L'année psychologique. 1996 vol. 96, n°3. pp. 369-385
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
