1,720,979 research outputs found
Virus infections: lessons from pancreas histology
No full textType 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting from the progressive immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells in genetically susceptible individuals, with the likely contribution of environmental factors, among which viruses have been extensively studied. The pathologic hallmark of the disease is insulitis-a process characterized by islet infiltration of immunocompetent cells that has been well characterized in animal models of islet autoimmunity, and to a lesser extent, in humans. Insulitis characterization has provided valuable information to gain insights into the disease pathogenesis. We review the recent literature on the viral contribution to beta-cell destruction and dysfunction in type 1 diabetes, with particular reference to the pathology of the pancreatic islet in humans and in animal models of the disease
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Low serum and peritoneal fluid concentration of interferon-gamma-induced protein-10 (CXCL10) in women with endometriosis.
No full textOBJECTIVE: To evaluate serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (CXCL10), a chemokine involved in local immune function, in women with endometriosis. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena. PATIENT(S): A total of 147 women were divided in two groups: women with (n = 77) and without (n = 70) endometriosis. INTERVENTION(S): Serum and peritoneal fluid were collected from all patients undergoing laparoscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): CXCL10 concentrations were measured by a specific ELISA. RESULT(S): Serum CXCL10 concentrations in women with endometriosis were significantly lower than in those without endometriosis. No statistically significant difference between women with early endometriosis and those with advanced endometriosis was found. CXCL10 concentrations in peritoneal fluid of women with advanced endometriosis were significantly lower than in that of women with an early stage of, or without, endometriosis. CONCLUSION(S): The decreased concentrations of CXCL10 in serum and peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis indicate an impaired immune activity in women with endometriosis
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Viral Infections and diabetes
No full textType 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a multi-factorial autoimmune disease determined by the interaction of genetic, environmental and immunologic factors. One of the environmental risk factors identified by a series of independent studies is represented by viral infection, with strong evidence showing that viruses can indeed infect pancreatic beta cells with consequent effects ranging from functional damage to cell death. In this chapter we review the data obtained both in man and in experimental animal models in support of the potential participation of viral infections to Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on virus-triggered islet inflammation, beta-cell dysfunction and autoimmunity
Coxsackieviruses and Insulitis
No full textCoxsackievirus infections are believed to be a relevant risk factor in the induction of pancreatic beta cell damage and autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Genomic RNA and proteins of coxsackieviruses have been detected in tissues of type 1 diabetes patients, supporting the involvement of enteroviruses in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Coxsackieviruses may infect beta cells, trigger the activation of innate immune systems, or accelerate the autoimmune process leading to the disease. Local inflammatory changes generated in pancreatic islets and the mechanisms leading to its generation and progression have been studied in animal models of type 1 diabetes and in humans. The role of coxsackieviruses in the insulitic process is discussed in this chapter, together with the ability of selected coxsackievirus serotypes to protect against type 1 diabetes
Low serum and peritoneal fluid concentration of interferon-gamma-induced protein-10 (CXCL10) in women with endometriosis
No full textIncreased expression of microRNA miR-326 in type 1 diabetic patients with ongoing islet autoimmunity
No full textBACKGROUND:
The current paradigm that microRNAs represent a new layer of gene regulation has generated much interest in this field. MicroRNAs have emerged as important regulatory factors involved in the developmental processes and in the regulation of insulin secretion and signalling. Furthermore, recent studies revealed an altered microRNA profiling in lymphocytes of patients with autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, in which a hyperexpression of miR-326 was reported. Here, we analysed the expression levels of miR-326 in peripheral blood lymphocytes from type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients in relationship with ongoing islet autoimmunity.
METHODS:
Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from 19 T1D patients; 4/19 patients were positive for both glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and islet cell antigen 512 autoantibodies; 10/19 were single GAD or IA-2 Ab positive and 5/19 were GAD antibodies and IA-2 antibodies (IA-2A) negative. Quantitative analysis of miR-326 was performed using specific stem-loop primers followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. All values were normalized to endogenous control U6.
RESULTS:
miR-326 resulted increased in Ab-positive versus Ab-negative T1D subjects. Its expression levels were 2.05±0.38-fold increased in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients expressing both GADA and IA-2A and 2.93±0.46-fold increased in single Ab-positive versus Ab-negative individuals (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, we have shown that miR-326 is expressed at higher levels in T1D subjects with ongoing islet autoimmunity, similar to what has been observed in multiple sclerosis, in which levels of this microRNA were highly correlated with disease severity. Interestingly, an online search of miR-326 predicted targets revealed vitamin D receptor and Erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homologue 1, two molecules highly involved in immune regulation
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