1,720,970 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Étude de la diversité phénotypique et fonctionnelle des macrophages : caractérisation des macrophages du tissu adipeux brun et des glandes surrénales
No full textMacrophages are myeloid immune cells and part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. They are best known for their role in the clearance of apoptotic cells and phagocytosis of extracellular debris and pathogens. In the last two decades, several studies have brought to light the impressive phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of macrophages. In tissues, macrophages perform organ-specific functions. For example, lung macrophages clear surfactant while pancreatic islet macrophages participate in insulin recycling. However, recent single cell studies have challenged the hypothesis that macrophage diversity is solely observed at the inter-organ scale, notably by revealing an underestimated macrophage diversity at the sub-tissular scale. Several parameters such as developmental origin and sub-tissular localization are now considered the key drivers of macrophage phenotype and function. For example, embryonic cardiac macrophages participate in tissue repair and resolution of inflammation while monocyte-derived cardiac macrophages support inflammation and are deleterious in myocardial infarction. Differentiation of monocytes into macrophages with an inflammatory phenotype is enhanced in chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity and atherosclerosis, thus contributing to disease worsening. Understanding macrophage diversity and the mechanisms allowing the maintenance of these cells in each tissue therefore appear to be a critical step before therapeutic approaches can be designed to target these cells.In this work, we focused on brown adipose tissue and adrenal gland macrophages, two poorly characterized macrophage populations. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified macrophage sub-populations with a specific transcriptomic signature suggesting population-restricted functions. This phenotypic diversity could be explained by a different developmental origin and sub-tissular localization. Surprisingly, we observed the presence of sex-specific macrophage populations in adrenal glands that were tied to a specific sub-tissular niche. Monocytes played a key role in the renewal of both brown adipose tissue and adrenal gland macrophages, notably by replacing embryonically-seed macrophage populations. On a functional standpoint, macrophage depletion induced a perturbation of lipid homeostasis in both of these tissues, thus demonstrating the key role of macrophages in tissue homeostasis.Les macrophages sont des cellules myéloïdes faisant partie du système phagocytaire mononucléaire, reconnues notamment pour leur fonction d'élimination et de recyclage des cellules apoptotiques. Au cours de ces deux dernières décennies, l'étude de ces cellules a révélé une grande diversité phénotypique et fonctionnelle des macrophages. Dans les tissus, les macrophages exercent des fonctions spécifiques de chaque organe. Par exemple, les macrophages pulmonaires participeraient à la clairance du surfactant, tandis que les macrophages pancréatiques joueraient un rôle dans le recyclage de l'insuline. L'avènement des nouvelles technologies à résolution « single-cell » a cependant remis en cause la théorie selon laquelle la diversité des macrophages s'observerait uniquement à l'échelle des différents tissus, notamment en révélant une grande diversité de ces cellules à l'échelle sous-tissulaire. Divers facteurs tels que l'origine développementale ou la localisation de ces cellules au sein du tissu sont dorénavant reconnus comme facteurs clés dictant le phénotype et la fonction des macrophages. Par exemple, les macrophages cardiaques d'origine embryonnaire jouent des fonctions réparatrices tandis que les macrophages cardiaques dérivés des monocytes prônent l'inflammation et sont néfastes lors d'un infarctus du myocarde. D'autre part, la différentiation des monocytes en macrophages inflammatoires est accentuée au cours des maladies métaboliques telles que l'obésité et l'athérosclérose, et ce mécanisme est reconnu comme étant délétère. Ainsi, appréhender la diversité des macrophages au sein de chaque tissu et les mécanismes régulant leur maintenance semble être une étape majeure avant d'envisager des approches thérapeutiques centrées sur ces cellules.Au cours de nos travaux, nous avons focalisé notre attention sur les macrophages du tissu adipeux brun et des glandes surrénales, deux populations peu - ou pas - caractérisées. Via une approche de séquençage ARN « single-cell », nous avons identifié diverses sous-populations de macrophages ayant chacune une signature transcriptionnelle propre suggérant des fonctions restreintes à chaque population. Nous avons pu expliquer cette diversité par l'origine et la localisation sous-tissulaire de ces cellules. De manière surprenante, nous avons également observé des influences du sexe biologique sur la présence de certaines populations de macrophages. Nous avons pu déterminer que les monocytes jouent un rôle clé dans la maintenance des macrophages du tissu adipeux brun et des glandes surrénales, notamment en remplaçant les macrophages embryonnaires au fil du temps. D'un point de vue fonctionnel, au sein de ces deux tissus, la déplétion des macrophages induit une perturbation du métabolisme lipidique et une altération de l'homéostasie tissulaire, démontrant ainsi le rôle clé que jouent ces cellules
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Studying the phenotypic and functional diversity of macrophages : characterization of brown adipose tissue and adrenal gland macrophages
No full textLes macrophages sont des cellules myéloïdes faisant partie du système phagocytaire mononucléaire, reconnues notamment pour leur fonction d'élimination et de recyclage des cellules apoptotiques. Au cours de ces deux dernières décennies, l'étude de ces cellules a révélé une grande diversité phénotypique et fonctionnelle des macrophages. Dans les tissus, les macrophages exercent des fonctions spécifiques de chaque organe. Par exemple, les macrophages pulmonaires participeraient à la clairance du surfactant, tandis que les macrophages pancréatiques joueraient un rôle dans le recyclage de l'insuline. L'avènement des nouvelles technologies à résolution « single-cell » a cependant remis en cause la théorie selon laquelle la diversité des macrophages s'observerait uniquement à l'échelle des différents tissus, notamment en révélant une grande diversité de ces cellules à l'échelle sous-tissulaire. Divers facteurs tels que l'origine développementale ou la localisation de ces cellules au sein du tissu sont dorénavant reconnus comme facteurs clés dictant le phénotype et la fonction des macrophages. Par exemple, les macrophages cardiaques d'origine embryonnaire jouent des fonctions réparatrices tandis que les macrophages cardiaques dérivés des monocytes prônent l'inflammation et sont néfastes lors d'un infarctus du myocarde. D'autre part, la différentiation des monocytes en macrophages inflammatoires est accentuée au cours des maladies métaboliques telles que l'obésité et l'athérosclérose, et ce mécanisme est reconnu comme étant délétère. Ainsi, appréhender la diversité des macrophages au sein de chaque tissu et les mécanismes régulant leur maintenance semble être une étape majeure avant d'envisager des approches thérapeutiques centrées sur ces cellules.Au cours de nos travaux, nous avons focalisé notre attention sur les macrophages du tissu adipeux brun et des glandes surrénales, deux populations peu - ou pas - caractérisées. Via une approche de séquençage ARN « single-cell », nous avons identifié diverses sous-populations de macrophages ayant chacune une signature transcriptionnelle propre suggérant des fonctions restreintes à chaque population. Nous avons pu expliquer cette diversité par l'origine et la localisation sous-tissulaire de ces cellules. De manière surprenante, nous avons également observé des influences du sexe biologique sur la présence de certaines populations de macrophages. Nous avons pu déterminer que les monocytes jouent un rôle clé dans la maintenance des macrophages du tissu adipeux brun et des glandes surrénales, notamment en remplaçant les macrophages embryonnaires au fil du temps. D'un point de vue fonctionnel, au sein de ces deux tissus, la déplétion des macrophages induit une perturbation du métabolisme lipidique et une altération de l'homéostasie tissulaire, démontrant ainsi le rôle clé que jouent ces cellules.Macrophages are myeloid immune cells and part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. They are best known for their role in the clearance of apoptotic cells and phagocytosis of extracellular debris and pathogens. In the last two decades, several studies have brought to light the impressive phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of macrophages. In tissues, macrophages perform organ-specific functions. For example, lung macrophages clear surfactant while pancreatic islet macrophages participate in insulin recycling. However, recent single cell studies have challenged the hypothesis that macrophage diversity is solely observed at the inter-organ scale, notably by revealing an underestimated macrophage diversity at the sub-tissular scale. Several parameters such as developmental origin and sub-tissular localization are now considered the key drivers of macrophage phenotype and function. For example, embryonic cardiac macrophages participate in tissue repair and resolution of inflammation while monocyte-derived cardiac macrophages support inflammation and are deleterious in myocardial infarction. Differentiation of monocytes into macrophages with an inflammatory phenotype is enhanced in chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity and atherosclerosis, thus contributing to disease worsening. Understanding macrophage diversity and the mechanisms allowing the maintenance of these cells in each tissue therefore appear to be a critical step before therapeutic approaches can be designed to target these cells.In this work, we focused on brown adipose tissue and adrenal gland macrophages, two poorly characterized macrophage populations. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified macrophage sub-populations with a specific transcriptomic signature suggesting population-restricted functions. This phenotypic diversity could be explained by a different developmental origin and sub-tissular localization. Surprisingly, we observed the presence of sex-specific macrophage populations in adrenal glands that were tied to a specific sub-tissular niche. Monocytes played a key role in the renewal of both brown adipose tissue and adrenal gland macrophages, notably by replacing embryonically-seed macrophage populations. On a functional standpoint, macrophage depletion induced a perturbation of lipid homeostasis in both of these tissues, thus demonstrating the key role of macrophages in tissue homeostasis
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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